GROWTH IN MULTICELLULAR

ORGANISM

 Growth is irreversible and permanent process.

 Growth take place in an organism from zygote until
adulthood & result:
 An incrase in number of cells.
 An increase in the size / body mass.
 Cell differentiation & specializiation.

BOTH ROOT TIP & SHOOT HAVE THREE GROWTH ZONE:

 Zone of cell division.

 Zone of cell elongation
 Zone of cell differentation
 THE PROCESS OF GROWTH IN PLANTS

PHASE DESCRIPTION

ZONE OF DIVISION Increase in the number of cells by mitosis.

Eg: Apical merestem (shoot & root)
The cell are small & arrange closely
The cell have large nucleus & thin cell wall
The cell have no vacuole & surrounded by
compact cytoplasm.

ZONE OF ELONGATION Cells elongate & compact

This result of absorbing water into the cell by
osmosis.
Vacuoles increase in size.
Small vacuoles fuse to form large central vac.

ZONE OF
DIFFERENTIATION Cells begin to differ from each other.
Cells differentiate into permanent tissue such
as parenchyma, stoma, guard cell, phloem,
xylem, mesophyly cell, cortex ,epidermis etc
PARAMETER USED IN MEASUREMENT
GROWTH
1. Length and height
 Easy to carry out
 No need to kill/ damage orgs
 Disadvantage measures growth only one dimension

2. Volume
 More accurate but Not practical

 Dry mass (mass of orgs after remove water)

 An accurate measurement.
 Disadvantage must kill orgs

4. Fresh mass.( Mass of orgs without remove water)

 Easy and convenient method no need to kill orgs
 Inaccurate as measurement is affected by amount water in the
body.
 THE GROWTH CURVE
PHASES DESCRIPTIONS
L (LAG) Growth rate is slow
Little or no cell growth
Cells start to divide

M Growth
rate is fastest
EXPONENTIAL Increasing in the number of cells by mitotic division
Cell elongate occur
Size orgs increase

N Growth rate is slow as cell has achieved maturity.

(SLOW Cell reached their maximum size/adult
GROWTH) Growth rate is limited by external ( food) & internal fac
(hormone)
O Growthrate is zero
(STATIONARY) Cell division occur only to replace dead/damage cells

P Growth rate is negative coz ageing & eventually die

SENESCENCE Lack of growth factors and nutrient results in death
 TYPE OF GROWTH IN
PLANTS…

PRIMARY GROWTH
 Occur after germination
 Involves cell differentiation to form primary phloem and primary
xylem in vascular bundle.
 Aim to increase length of tips of stems & roots (apical meristem)
 Importance to enabling reach sunlight, search water & minerals.
Able to transport water & minerals from roots to all part of plants

SECONDARY GROWTH
 Occur after primary growth in woody plants
 Involves lateral meristem to form secondary phloem & xylem
 Aim to increase diameter of stems& trunks .
 Importance to supports the plants, to accommodate the increase of
demand water & minerals & replace damage cells.
 Produce tough bark to avoid water lost ,protect against parasitic
fungi& insects attack & opportunity to live longer.
 Cork cambium divided to produce cork & secondary cortex.
 COMPARISON FOR PLANTS UNDERGO SECONDARY
GROWTH & PLANTS DO NOT UNDERGO SECONDARY
GROWTH.

ITEMS PLANTS UNDERGO PLANTS DO NOT

SEC GROWTH UNDERGO SEC
GROWTH
Type of plants Mostly dicots plants Mostly monocots

Life Span Long Short

Period of growth Growth throught the Growth for one or
lifespan two years only
Height Tall Usually short
Meristem lateral Present Absent
Annual growth ring Present Absent

Wood in stem Present Absent

Texture of bark Thick bark, trunks has No thick bark , do not
comercial value has comercial value
ECONOMIC VALUE FOR PLANTS
UNDERGO SECONDARY GROWTH

 PLANTS HAS WOODY PARTS HAS COMERCIAL VALUE

SUITABLE TO MAKE BEAMS, FURNITURE,FENCE,DOOR &
DECORATIVE ITEMS.
 THE BARK OF MERAWAN & MERANTI PRODUCE RASIN &
OIL.
 AS ORNAMENTAL PLANTS LIKE HIBISCUS&
BOUGAINVILLAEA.
 PRODUCE FRUITS SUCH DURIANS & MANGO.
 The end…
Bye-Bye!! See you
next time. Don’t
forget to study…!