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Funcn

@ Gas exchange
@ Allows the oxygen from the air to enter the
blood and carbon dioxide to leave the blood
and enter the air
@ Regulation of blood pH
@ Facilitated through changing the blood carbon
dioxide levels
@ Voice production
@ Air movement past the vocal cords makes
sound and speech possible
Funcn

@ xlfaction
@ Sensation of smell occurs when airborne
molecules are drawn into the nasal
cavity
@ Innate immunity
@ Provides protection from
microorganisms by preventing their
entry into the body
’n
@ ½pper Respiratory System
@ External nose
@ Visible structure that forms a prominent feature
of the face
@ Nasal cavity
@ Pharynx
@ The common passageway of both the
respiratory and digestive systems. It receives air
from the nasal cavity and air, food, and water
from the moth.
’n
@ Gower Respirator System
@ Garynx
@ Gocated in the anterior throat. Consists of an
outer casing of 9 cartilages, with 3 paired and 3
unpaired cartilages.
@ Two pairs of ligaments extend from the
posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage to the
paired cartilages. Superior pair forms the false
vocal cords and the posterior pair forms the
true vocal cords.
’n
@ Trachea
@ Also known as the windpipe. The trachea
maintains an open passageway for air and
contains numerous cilia and goblet cells. The
cilia propels the mucus produced by the goblet
cells as well as foreign particles out of the
trachea, through the larynx and into the
pharynx from which they are swallowed
@ Bronchi
@ The main passageway of air from the trachea
towards the right and left lung.
Gung

@ The principal organs of respiration.
@ Cone-shaped with the base resting on the
diaphragm
@ Divided into lobes
@ Right lung ʹ 3 lobes
@ Geft lung ʹ 2 lobes
@ Gobes are divided into bronchopulmonary segments.
@ Main bronchi branch -> tracheobronchial tree ->
lobar bronchi -> segmental bronchi -> bronchioles ->
terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles ->
alveolar ducts -> alveoli
6
 chng
@ Gas exchange is influenced by a number of
factors:
@ Respiratory membrane thickness - The alveolar
walls and surrounding capillaries form a thin
respiratory membrane where gas exchange
takes place. Increasing the thickness of the
membrane decreases the rate of diffusion
across it.
@ Surface area ʹ the total surface area of the
respiratory membrane is about 70m2. A 1/3 to
¼ decrease can significantly restrict gas
exchange.
6
 chng
@ Partial pressure
@ The pressure exerted by a specific gas in a
mixture of gases
@ Total atmospheric pressure = 760 mmHg
@ 21% of xxygen = 160 mmHg
@ 0.04% of Carbon dioxide = 0.3 mmHg
@ When air is in contact with a liquid, gases
dissolve in it.
@ Diffusion occurs from areas of higher partial
pressure towards areas of lower partial
pressure
Ñu
n  6

n h Gung

@ Blood returning from tissues and entering the
lungs has a decreased Px2 and increased PCx2
compared with alveolar air.
@ xxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the
pulmonary capillaries because the Px2 in the
alveoli is greater than in the pulmonary
capillaries.
@ In contrast, carbon dioxide diffuses from the
pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli because the
PCx2 in the pulmonary capillaries is greater than
in the alveoli.
| guln  l 
@ Carbon dioxide diffuses from cells, where
it is produced, into the tissue capillaries. It
then enters the blood and is transported in
3 ways
@ Dissolved in plasma
@ Transported in combination with blood
proteins
@ Transported in the form of bicarbonate
ions
| guln  l 
@ Carbon dioxide (Cx2) reacts with water
(H2x) to form carbonic acid (H2Cx3) which
then dissociates to form hydrogen (H+) and
bicarbonate (HCx3-) ions.
@ Red blood cells contain carbonic
anhydrase which increases the rate of Cx2
reaction with water.