Telecommunication

Networks
Lec1
Introduction to
Telecommunication Networks

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 Introduction to
Telecommunication Networks

“The global telecommunications network is

the largest and most complex technical
system that human has created”

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Introduction to Telecommunication Networks:
Course Grading

Attendance 10%
Mid exam 30%
H.W 10%
FINAL EXAM 50%

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 Lecture Outlines

• Introduction to Telecommunication Networks

• Standardization
• Telecommunication Networks-History of Communication
• Basics Telecommunications Network (Transmission, switching
and signaling )
• Analog and digital telephone networks
• Telephone Numbering (International Prefix)
• Switching and Signaling (overview Telephone Exchange)
• Overview of multiplexing techniques
• Capacity of Transmission (Shannon's formula) 4
Introduction to Telecommunication
Networks
What is a telecommunications network?
• A telecommunications network is a collection of
terminal nodes, links are connected so as to enable
telecommunication between the terminals.
• The transmission links connect the nodes together.
• The nodes use circuit switching, message switching
or packet switching to pass the signal through the
correct links and nodes to reach the correct
destination terminal.

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Introduction to Telecommunication
Networks

•What the Benefits of

telecommunications and
networking?????

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Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
Standardization

Communication networks are designed to serve

a wide variety of users who are using equipment
from many different vendors. To design and build
networks effectively, standards are necessary to
achieve interoperability, compatibility, and required
performance in a cost-effective manner. Open
standards are needed to enable the interconnection
of systems, equipment, and networks from different
manufacturers, vendors, and operators. The most
important advantages and some other aspects of
open telecommunications standards.
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Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
Standardization
• Standards enable competition. Open standards are available to
any telecommunications system vendor,
• Standards lead to economies of scale in manufacturing and
engineering. Standards increase the market for products
• Standards make the interconnection of systems from different
vendors possible. The main technological aim of standardization
is to make systems from different networks “understand” each
other.
• Standards make users and network operators vendor
independent and improve availability of the systems. A
standardized interface between a terminal and its network
enables subscribers to purchase terminal equipment from
multiple vendors.
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Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
Standardization
• Standards make international services available.
ISDN,GSM,OSI by ISO,WWW …etc

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 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
Standardization
Standards Organizations
• Many organizations are involved in standardization
work. We look at them from two points of view:
1. the players in the telecommunications business
involved in standardization and
2. the authorities that approve official standards.
Interested Parties

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 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
Standardization
Standards Organizations
• National Standardization Authorities

DIN: Deutsche Industrie-Normen (Germany),

ANSI : American National Standards Institute (United States), and
the Finnish Standards Institute (SFS; Finland)
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 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
Standardization
Standards Organizations
• European Organizations

• Européen Télécommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)

• The European Committee for Electro-technical Standardization/European
Committee for Standardization (CEN/CENELEC)
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 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
Standardization
Standards Organizations
• American Organizations

For example, international standard ISO 8-802.x for the Ethernet LAN family is
currently the same as IEEE 802.x.
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
• Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
• Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
• Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
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 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
Standardization
Standards Organizations
• Global Organizations

• International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

• International Standards Organization/International Electro-technical Commission
(ISO/IEC)
• ITU-R, where the “R” stands for radio & ITU-T, where the “T” comes from
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telecommunications
 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
Standardization
Standards Organizations
• Other Organizations

• Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)

• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• Telemanagement Forum (TMF)
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 H.W.
• What are the most important advantages of
global telecommunications standards?
• What we mean by:
• IETF, ISO, OSI, UMTS, GSM, WCDMA, FDD,
TDD, FDMA, TDMA, CSMA, FSK, BSK, PCM,
OFDMA, IEEE ?

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 History of Communication

• Tele (Far) + Communications

• Early telecommunications
• smoke signals and drums
• visual telegraphy (or semaphore in 1792)
• Telegraph and telephone
• Telegraph (1839)
• Telephone (1876)
• Radio and television
• Telephony
• Voice and Data
Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
History of Communication
• Data Communications
• Transmission of signals
• Encoding, interfacing, multiplexing etc.
• Networking
• Topology & architecture used to interconnect devices
•Like what and how???
• Networks of communication systems
 Basic Telecommunications Network
• The basic purpose of a telecommunications network is to
transmit user information in any form to another user of
the network.

• These users of public networks, for example, a telephone

network, are called subscribers.

• The three technologies needed for communication

through the network are (1) transmission, (2), switching,
and (3) signaling. Each of these technologies requires
specialists for their engineering, operation, and
maintenance.
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 Basic Telecommunications Network
•Transmission
Transmission is the process of transporting information
between end points of a system or a network. Transmission
systems use four basic media for information transfer from
one point to another:
1. Copper cables, such as those used in LANs and telephone
subscriber lines;
2. Optical fiber cables, such as high-data-rate transmission
in telecommunications networks;
3. Radio waves, such as cellular telephones and satellite
transmission;
4. Free-space optics, such as infrared remote controllers.
5. …?????? 20
 Basic Telecommunications Network
• Switching
In principle, all telephones could still be
connected to each other by cables as they were in
the very beginning of the history of telephony.
However, as the number of telephones grew,
operators soon noticed that it was necessary to
switch signals from one wire to another. Then only a
few cable connections were needed between
exchanges because the number of simultaneously
ongoing calls is much smaller than the number of
telephones (Figure).
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 Basic Telecommunications Network
• Switching

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Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
Basic Telecommunications Network
• Switching

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Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
Basic Telecommunications Network
• Switching

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 Basic Telecommunications Network
• Switching
ITU-T specification for switching:
“The establishing, on demand, of an individual
connection from a desired inlet to a desired outlet
within a set of inlets and outlets for as long as is
required for the transfer of information.”

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 Basic Telecommunications Network
• Switching

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 Basic Telecommunications Network
• Signaling
Signaling is the mechanism that allows network
entities (customer premises or network switches) to
establish, maintain, and terminate sessions in a
network.

Signaling is carried out with the help of specific

signals or messages that indicate to the other end
what is requested of it by this connection.

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 Basic Telecommunications Network
• Signaling
Some examples of signaling examples on subscriber
lines are as follows:
• Off-hook condition: The exchange notices that the
subscriber has raised the telephone hook (dc loop is
connected) and gives a dial tone to the subscriber.
• Dial: The subscriber dials digits and they are received
by the exchange.
• On-hook condition: The exchange notices that the
subscriber has finished the call (subscriber loop is
disconnected), clears the connection, and stops
billing. 28
 Basic Telecommunications Network
Signaling:
Analog and digital telephone networks
• Setup and Release of a Call
 Basic Telecommunications Network
Signaling:

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 Basic Telecommunications Network: signaling
Analog and digital telephone networks
• Dialing(Rotary )

• Dialing(Tone)(push buttons)
• All frequencies are
inside the voice frequency
band (300–3,400 Hz)
and can thus be transmitted
through the network from
end to end, when the
speech connection is
established.
• This signaling principle is
known as dual-tone
multifrequency
Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
Basic Telecommunications Network: Signaling

Analog and digital telephone networks

Telephones connected to
exchange via local loop (UTP
cable) Telephones have stayed
simple, exchanges have
become very complex very
little change in local loop
Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
Basic Telecommunications Network: Signaling
Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
Basic Telecommunications Network
• Signaling
•Operation of a Conventional Telephone
(most signaling types)
• Microphone & Earphone signaling
• Signaling to the Exchange from the Telephone
• Setup and Release of a Call
• Rotary Dialing & Tone Dialing (see previous slits)
• Cellular mobile pone signaling (GSM system Signaling,
CDMA system, LTE ….etc)

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Lecture-2

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Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
Telephone Numbering

• An international telephone connection from any

telephone to any other telephone is made possible
by unique identification of each subscriber socket in
the world. In mobile telephone networks, each
telephone set (or subscriber card) has a unique
identification number.
• The numbering is hierarchical, and it has an
internationally standardized country code at the
highest level. This makes national numbering
schemes independent from each other.

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Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
Telephone Numbering
• The international prefix
• An international prefix or international access
number is used for international calls. It tells the
network that the connection is to be routed via an
international telephone exchange to another
country.
International Prefix
Country code
Trunk Code, Trunk Prefix, or Area Code
Subscriber Number
Operator Numbers
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Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
Telephone Numbering
The international prefix

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 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
Telephone Numbering

ITU-T sets out codes for each country

country decides how to run local system
Introduction to Telecommunication
Networks
Switching and Signaling
• To build the requested connection from one
subscriber to another, the network has switching
equipment that selects the required connection.
• These switching systems are called exchanges.
• The subscriber identifies the required connection
with signaling information (dialing) that is
transmitted over the subscriber line.
• In the network, signaling is needed to transmit the
control information of a specific call and circuits
from one exchange to another.
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Introduction to Telecommunication
Networks
Switching and Signaling
Telephone Exchange
The main task of the telephone or ISDN exchange is
to build up a physical connection between
subscriber A, the one who initiates the call, and
subscriber B according to signaling information
dialed by subscriber A. The speech channel is
connected from the time when the circuit was
established to the time when the call is cleared. This
principle is called the circuit switching concept and is
different from packet switching, which has been
used in data networks.
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Introduction to Telecommunication
Networks
Switching and Signaling
Telephone Exchange

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Introduction to Telecommunication
Networks
Switching and Signaling
Switching Hierarchy

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 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
Switching and Signaling
H.W.
Reading Assailment
Read about ?
• ISDN Network
• MDF (Main distribution frame)
• ODF (Optical distribution frame)
• PBX and PABX
•PSTN (Public Switched Telecommunications Network Today)
• DSL (Digital subscriber Line)
• VPN (Virtual Private Networks)
• IN (Intelligent Networks)
Seminar next week 44
Introduction to Telecommunication
Networks
Switching and Signaling
Trunk Network
• High-capacity transmission paths, usually optical
line systems, with capacities up to 10 Gbps,
interconnect trunk exchanges.
• Note that a transport network has alternative
routes. If one of these transmission systems fails,
switches are able to route new calls via other
transmission systems and trunk exchanges to
bypass the failed system.

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Introduction to Telecommunication
Networks
Switching and
Trunk Network
Signaling

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Introduction to Telecommunication
Networks
Switching and Signaling
International Network
• Each country has at least one international switching center
to which trunk exchanges are connected.
• Via this highest switching hierarchy level, international calls
are connected from one country to another and any
subscriber is able to access any of the other more than 2
billion subscribers around the world.
• High-capacity optical systems interconnect international
exchanges or switching centers of national networks.
Submarine cables (coaxial cable or optical cable systems),
• microwave radio systems, and satellites connect
continental networks to make up the worldwide
telecommunications network.
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Introduction to Telecommunication
Networks
Switching and Signaling
International Network

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Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
History of Communication
Multiplexing:
• sharing network resources(B.W) by several connections (transmission
lines among users)

A A A TRUNK A

B B B MUX MUX B

C C C C

LINE ASSIGN ONLY FOR DURATION OF CALL

Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
History of Communication
Multiplexing:
• Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM):
• B.W divided into number of frequency slots.
• Basic mux combine 12 voice channel each channel 4khz BT 60….108 khz
(called group) 5 voice each 48Khz super group BT 312 to 552Khz
10 super group 600 voice signal 564 ….3084
Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
History of Communication
Multiplexing:
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM):
Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
History of Communication
Multiplexing:
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM):
Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
History of Communication
Multiplexing:
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)
• When FDM is used in optical communication systems it is
called WDM
• In WDM systems, different sessions modulate light sources
(LED's or lasers) at different wavelengths (frequencies) over
the same fiber.
• These signals can then be separated using optical
components such as diffraction gratings .
• Using WDM current systems can multiplex 40-128 channels
onto single optical fiber at rates of 2.5 - 10 Gbps each.
• Each WDM wavelength can be treated independently and
used for analog or digital data.
• In many cases, WDM is combined with TDM.
Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
History of Communication
Multiplexing:
• Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) DWDM

1‫ג‬
3‫ ג‬,2‫ ג‬,1‫ג‬ 1‫ג‬

2‫ג‬ Optical
2‫ג‬
Fiber
3‫ג‬
3‫ג‬

Dense WDM (DWDM):WDM furnishes a separate channel for

each service at the full rate; you cannot aggregate smaller
channels into one large channel. Systems that support more than
16 wavelengths are referred to as DWDM on a single fibre (may
be 15000 channels).
Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
History of Communication
Multiplexing:

• Time division multiplexing (TDM):

• In TDM Time is divided up into slots and each session is
assigned a given set of slots in a cyclical order.
• Each slot could correspond to the time to transmit either a
single bit or byte from a user or a fixed size packet.
• The sequence of time-slots, 1 per user is called a frame.
Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
History of Communication
Multiplexing:
• Time division multiplexing (TDM):
• One method used for synchronization in TDM is known as added
bit framing - an extra control bit is added to each TDM frame.
• On this “control channel” a predetermined sequence is
transmitted.
• The receiver searches for this pattern to synchronize, and
monitors this bit to detect framing errors.
• TDM hierarchy in the telephone network
Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
History of Communication
Multiplexing:

• The hierarchy is based on the 64kbps signal generated by PCM.

• Japan and north America 24 voice channels multiplexed 1.544 Mbps
• Europe 32 voice channel 2.048 Mbps
• Each channel allows 7 bits per frame for data and 1 bit for control.
 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
History of Communication
Multiplexing:

1 1

2 MUX MUX 2

24 24

b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 b

frame
Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
History of Communication
Multiplexing:
• SONET/SDH Multiplexing
• In 1980 the late 1980's, a new digital TDM hierarchy called SONET
(Synchronous Optical NETwork) proposed, A related standard called SDH
(Synchronous digital hierarchy) adopted by ITU-T.
• SONET was designed to extend the TDM hierarchy to higher rates that
could be supported over optical fibers.
• SONET provides a much more efficient approach to multiplexing
than most previous systems and allows access to low speed
channels without having to DE-multiplex an entire stream. This is
accomplished in part by providing a master clock to all network
elements and working hard to keep them synchronized.
• SONET also provides control channels for communication between
Network Elements(provide alternative path when failure occur).
Introduction to Telecommunication Networks
History of Communication
Multiplexing:
• SONET/SDH SIGNAL HIERARCHY

,Space Transportation System (STS) , Synchronous Transfer Mode (STM)

. Optical Carrier (OC)
 Capacity of Transmission
Shannon’s Theorem gives upper bound on
capacity (depends on SNR)

 C ≡ Maximum channel capacity

B ≡ transmission bandwidth
Signal power to Noise power (signal to noise ratio)
If the SNR is 20 dB, and the bandwidth available is 4 kHz what
is Capacity?
If it is required to transmit at 50 kbit/s, and a bandwidth of 1
MHz find S/N?
 Communication Channel

Communication Channels
Data transmission occurs in one of three modes:
• Simplex
• Half Duplex (HDX)
• Full Duplex (FDX)
Communication Modes
Information may be sent on a line in one of the two modes
• asynchronous or
• synchronous.
 H.W.
• “CAT-5” twisted-pair cable has a bandwidth
of roughly 100MHz. We would like to
transmit information at a bit rate of
500Mbps. Is a signal to-noise ratio of 30dB
enough to reliably transmit this much
Information? Why or why not?

• What is the maximum capacity of a medium

with a bandwidth of 750KHz and a signal-
to-noise ratio of 30dB?
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 H.W.
• What is the minimum signal-to-noise ratio,
in decibels dB, that must be maintained in
order to transmit a 600Kbps signal over a
medium with a bandwidth of 20,000Hz?

• We are given a medium that will reliably

transmit frequencies between 0 and
25,000Hz. Is it possible to transmit 200Kbps
of information along this line? If so, then
describe a method and any conditions that
must be satisfied. If not, explain why. ? 64