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Materials
Lecture 2
Chap 1
In this lecture we will going to
discuss ….
Crystal structure,
lattice, basis, unit cell
Face centered cubic (FCC), Body
Centered Cubic (BCC)
Chapter 1
From Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, Third Edition, S.O. Kasap (© McGraw-Hill, 2005)
Recap
◦ Properties of materials
◦ Mid: main reason of different properties: structure of solids, Electrical and thermal properties, elementary of quantum physics
◦ Final: Modern theory of solids, Dielectrical properties of solids, magnetic properties of solids
◦ Others: optical properties of solids, mechanical properties of solids
◦ Examples:
◦ Electrical properties: although carbon resistors shows linear characteristics, semiconductor shows exponential characteristics
◦ Thermal properties: which materials adsorb maximum solar energy are investigated
◦ Dielectric properties: electrolyte capacitors, ceramic type capacitors shows different capacitances due to their different dielectric
constant
◦ Magnetic properties: materials having electric transformers to ferrite antennas for signal communication.
1. Structure of Solids
CRYSTAL Amorphous – atoms are placed at random
a) b)
Primitive unit cell-
one atom in unit cell,
Fig. a, b, c and d (red
color)
Non-Primitive unit
cell- more than one
atom in unit cell Fig. d
( black color)
d)
c)
2D-unit cell (SiC)C
Si
The 2D unit cells can be
constructed using Si atoms
(Purple color) or C atoms
(Brown color).
Representation of a 3D-unit cell
by a parallelepiped
align the x, y, and z axes with the edges of the unit cell
taking the lower-left rear corner as origin
x
Bravais
Lattice (3D)
14 distinct lattices possible
in three-dimensional space
The face is a square of side a, and the face diagonal is √(a2 + a2) or a √ 2.
The diagonal has one atom at the center of diameter 2R, which touches two atoms centered at the corners.
The diagonal, going from corner to corner, is therefore R + 2R + R = 4R.
Now, the Ag atom at each corner is shared with eight other adjoining unit cells.
Each atom at the face center is shared with the neighboring unit cell.
Therefore,
the number atoms in the unit cell = 8 corners X 1/8 atom + 6 faces X 1/2 atom = 4 atoms.
Atomic concentration,
Consider
the cube diagonal. Two corner atoms and the central body atom are in contact and the length of the cube diagonal,
therefore, is 4R. And,
Therefore, a = 4/√ 3 x (0.1241 nm) = 0.2866 nm.
There are 8 corners and each corner has 1/8 th of an atom within the unit cell. In addition,
there is one full atom at the center of the unit cell.
Therefore,
the number atoms in the unit cell = 8 corners X 1/8 atom + 1 atom = 2 atoms.
Atomic concentration,
◦ Crystalline materials are geometrically represented by lattice and real representation of lattices are basis.
◦ Crystalline materials are consisted of unit cells which represent the whole crystal.
◦ Unit cells are primitive or non primitive
◦ Unit cells can be represented by 2D or 3D
◦ Atomic concentration is the ratio of the number of atoms per unit volume of unit cell.
◦ Atomic packing factor is the ratio of atom number with the volume of one atom to the volume of the unit cell.
Questions
?
From Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, Third Edition, S.O. Kasap (© McGraw-Hill, 2005)