Mr. Christian S.

Sol
Accredited DOLE-OSH Safety
Consultant
Accredited DENR Pollution Control
Officer
 The discipline of FIRE LOSS CONTROL and
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY & HEALTH share the
same prime objective:

• CONSERVATION OF THE COMPANY’S

ASSETS, PROPERTY & HUMAN LIFE ALIKE.
 Each approaches the goal of providing a safe
physical environment by the SAME METHODS
(i.e., elimination, segregation, and/or control
of HAZARDS) & both utilize the SAME
YARDSTICKS as a MEASURE OF SUCCESSFUL
PERFORMANCE.
 FIRE LOSS CONTROL is the management of
loss as a result of fire. It has two (2) basic
principles:

1. FIRE PREVENTION

2. FIRE SUPPRESSION/CONTROL
 Conforming to the applicable provisions of
the new FIRE CODE (RA # 9514) by all
concerned is strictly enforced.
1 FIRE PREVENTION,

2 FIRE SUPPRESSION &

3 PERSONAL PROTECTION
(ESCAPE) or LIFE SAFETY.
 1

FIRE PREVENTION – activities/actions

done by people to prevent the onset of a
fire.
A SEPARATE

B MOVE

C CLEAN

D REPLACE
 2

FIRE SUPPRESSION/CONTROL – actions

taken by people, either before a fire
starts or after the event, to reduce the
spread of fire & its damage.
A. CLOSE doors after a fire starts
B. INSTALL & TEST fire alarm systems &
detectors
C. USE & OPERATE fire fighting equipments
D. CALL fire department if a fire breaks out
The “FIRE TRIANGLE” identifies the three
components of any fire. If any ONE OF
THESE COMPONENTS IS REMOVED, a
FIRE CANNOT HAPPEN.

1 FUEL : in the form of combustible vapor.

2 ENERGY (HEAT) : sufficient to ignite the
flammable vapor.
3 OXIDIZER (AIR) : in the proper
concentration to support combustion.
This can be more graphically explained if we
state that each of these conditions represent
one side of a TRIANGLE and all three portions
must be present to make the triangle complete.
 3

 PERSONAL PROTECTION (LIFE

SAFETY) : actions taken by people to
protect people occupying a building.
 FIRE SAFETY : efforts to reduce the
likelihood of ignition & effects of fire.
 TETRAHEDRON OF FIRE
A FUEL
B HEAT
C OXYGEN (AIR)
D CHEMICAL CHAIN REACTION
TETRAHEDRON: Once a fire has started, however,
things get a bit more complicated. The process of
combustion creates a fourth side to the “triangle”
– the chemical process involved in burning.
1) SMOTHERING – Removal or dilution of air or
oxygen to a point where combustion ceases.
2) ISOLATION – Removal of fuel to a point where
there is nothing remaining to oxidize.
3) QUENCHING – Cooling of the fuel to a point
where combustible vapors are no longer
involved or where activation energy is lowered
to the extent that no activated atoms or free
radicals are produced.
4) INHIBITION – Interruption of the flame
chemistry of the chain reaction of combustion
by injection of compounds capable of quenching
free radical production during their existence.
 Water
 CO2
 Dry Chemical
 Foam
 Halogenated HC
 DISCHARGE LEVER PRESSURE GAUGE
(not found on CO2
extinguishers)
DISCHARGE LOCKING PIN
AND SEAL
CARRYING
HANDLE

DISCHARGE HOSE
DATA PLATE

DISCHARGE NOZZLE

BODY / CYLINDER

DISCHARGE ORIFICE
INSPECTION & MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES
1 Be inspected at least monthly. The following
should be done:
 Weighing the extinguisher unit.
 Checking the gage pressure.
 Accomplishing Fire Extinguisher Inspection Report form.
2 Be kept fully charged and in their designated
places.
 Operating pressure of fire extinguisher (not over 20 lb)
is about 250 PSI.
 Recharge the extinguisher unit, if the expellant pressure
is below 100 PSI.
 Refill the extinguisher unit, if there is a 10% loss of
weight.
3 Be sure that they have not been tampered.
4 Should not be obstructed at all times.
 Be located along normal paths of travel, and the
walking distance between units is not over 75 feet.
 Not be mounted higher than 5 ft. or 1.5 m from the
ground to the top of the extinguisher.
5 Be hydrostatically tested to check the safe
worthiness of the cylinder unit. Hydro-test
pressure shall be 1.5 times the operating
pressure of the extinguisher unit.
 CO2 units every five (5) years
 Dry Chemical units every ten (10) years
 Remember this easy acronym
when using an extinguisher -
P.A.S.S.

 Pull the pin.

 Aim the nozzle.
 Squeeze the handle.
 Sweep side to side at the
base of the fire.
NOTE: If, when using a fire extinguisher, the
fire is physically larger than you can safely
handle, evacuate the area and notify others.
1 Class A Fire – fire in ordinary combustible
materials, such as wood, paper excelsior, rags
and general thrash or rubbish where the
quenching and cooling effects of quantities of
water or of solutions containing a large
percentage of water are of first importance.
2 Class B Fire – fire in flammable liquids, such as
gasoline, oil, alcohol, greases or organic
solvents, where a blanketing effect is essential.
3 Class C Fire – fire in “live” electrical equipment
or of electrical origin, where the use of non-
conducting extinguishing agent is of first
importance.
4 Class D Fire – fire in combustible metals. These
are limited to few industries and require
specialized control techniques.
 FIRE LOSS CONTROL
PROGRAM

 RECOGNIZE
 EVALUATE
 CONTROL
 POTENTIAL FIRE
LOSSES AT WORK

 People
 Property
 Liability
 Net income
 Store LPG cylinders & other flammable materials
properly.
 LPG should be stored outside buildings in well-
ventilated & secure areas.
 LPG supplies should be turned-off at the cylinder
when not in use.
 LPG equipment & fittings should be properly
maintained.
 Formal permit-to-work systems are often appropriate.
 Keep tidy site & make sure rubbish is cleared away
promptly and regularly.
 Avoid unnecessary stockpiling of combustible
materials.
 Consider the need for special precautions in areas
where flammable atmospheres may develop.
 Avoid burning waste materials on site wherever
possible.
 Make sure everyone abides by site rules on smoking.
HOT WORK
PERMIT
PROCEDURES
 EMERGENCY
EVACUATION
 Using the ESCAPE STRATEGY for dealing
with fires or other emergencies, the
employer must prepare a WRITTEN
EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN.
 The EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN concept
has been around for many years for
hospitals, schools, and institutions, and
more recently, this concept has been
extended to industries in general.
 RAISING THE ALARM

 It can be heard by everyone

working on site over normal
background noise;
 It will work when needed;

 It can be activated immediately.

 MEANS OF ESCAPE
 clear of any obstruction;
 provide at least 2 escape routes;
 travel distances to safety are reduced
to minimum;
 escape routes and emergency exits
are clearly signed and never locked
while working;
 provide emergency lighting;
 identify assembly point.
 SUMMARY
1. The first step in starting a fire loss control
program would be to conduct an audit of the
enterprise facilities. From this audit, fire
hazards can be addressed in any fire loss
control program. These include emergency
planning, self-inspection, notification of
deficient equipment, cutting, welding permit
system and control of smoking.
2. The elements of emergency planning will
consist basically of the audit of possible
catastrophes that could occur in an enterprise
3. Following an audit, a plan must be established
to combat those catastrophes.
 FIRE BRIGADE CHIEF SAFETY
OFFICER

Assistant FIRE BRIGADE CHIEF

FIRE FIRE Stationary Portable Automatic

NOZZLE
EXTINGUISHER HOSE FIRE PUMP FIRE PUMP FIRE ALARM
HANDLERS
HANDLERS HANDLERS OPERATOR OPERATOR SYSTEM

Other FIRE WATER WATER FIRE

WATER FIRE
EQUIPMENT, SPRAY SPRINKLER SUPPRESSION
SUPPLY TRUCK
Ladder, SCBA, Etc. OPERATOR SYSTEM SYSTEM
 SAFETY DISASTER CONTROL COMMUNICATION
OFFICER Director TEAM

INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER CONTROL EXTERNAL
OFFICER
Assistant Director

FIRE UTILITIES FINANCE & SEARCH &

SALVAGE TRANSPORT SECURITY
FIGHTING CONTROL INSURANCE RESCUE
TEAM TEAM TEAM
TEAM TEAM TEAM TEAM

DOCTOR
See FB WATER PAYLOADER NURSES Plant Gates
Service
Organization FUEL Oil & LPG TRUCKS FIRST AIDERS Plant Traffic
Vehicles
ELECTRICITY FORKLIFT SEARCHERS Evacuation
Pick-Up
GENERATORS Etc. MONITORS sites
Points
Compressed Air EXIT GUIDES Fire Trucks
Ambulance
WW Treatment FIRST AID Visitor
Facility Station Control
 EMERGENCY PLANS
 be available before work starts;
 be up to date and appropriate
for the circumstances
concerned;

 make clear who does what

during fire;

 conduct fire drills.

 If you aim at the high flames, you won’t put out the fire.
Remember, too, that most extinguishers have a very
limited operation time, 8-10 seconds, so you have to act
fast and spray correctly at the base of fire, not at smokes
or flames.
 Time is the essence of fire fighting. The smaller the fire,
the easier it is to extinguish. Know the location of fire
alarms and extinguishers. Know your nearest fire exit an
proceeds to it in an orderly fashion.

31
 TO DETERMINE
MINIMUM NUMBER
OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
 PIRA (Philippine Insurers and Re-
insurers Association)

 Installation of Fire Extinguishing

Appliances (FEA) as prescribed by PIRA
(Insurance Code) has a corresponding
discount in Insurance Premium Cost

 Maximum Total Discount for FEA is 40%.

FEA include fire extinguishers, fire
hydrants and standpipes, fire hose
systems, fire pumps, fire truck, fire
alarm system, watchman clock system,
etc.
 Installation of portable FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS will obtain a 2.5%
premium discount.

 To avail of the discount, an insured

property must install fire extinguishers
(one unit for every 250 square yards of
floor area), as follows:

 One unit of 15 – lb DC fire extinguisher,

 One unit of 15 – lb CO2 fire extinguisher, or
 One unit of 2.5 – gal WATER (Stored
Pressure) fire extinguisher.
1 Sodium  a B C, about P
Bicarbonate base 30/lb
(estimated
2 Mono-ammonium cost)
phosphate base

 A B C, about P
3 Potassium
Bicarbonate base 50/lb
(estimated
cost)
CASE 1: CASE 2 :

■ One unit of 15 lb DC
■ One unit of 15 lb DC extinguisher for every 250
extinguisher for every 250 sq yards of floor area.
sq yards of floor area. ■ P30 per lb of sodium
■ P50 per lb of ammonium bicarbonate base DC
phosphate base DC powder. powder.
■ 1 sq meter = 1.2 sq yards
1 How many units of 10-lb DC
fire extinguisher will be
installed in an insured 1 How many units of 10-lb
property of 8000 square dry chemical extinguisher
yards ? will be installed in an
insured property of 8000
square meters ?
2 How much will these units
cost, if you will use
ammonium phosphate base 2 How much will these units
powder ? cost, if you will use sodium
bicarbonate base powder ?
P 50.00/lb of mono-ammonium phosphate base
powder
8000 sq yards / 250 sq yards per unit of 15-lb DC fire
extinguisher = 32 units of 15-lb DC fire extinguisher.

Total Amount of DC powder needed :

32 units X 15-lb/unit = 480 lbs
No. of units of 10-lb :
480 lb / 10-lb per unit = 48
1 Say 48 units of 10-lb DC fire extinguisher are
needed.

For mono-ammonium phosphate base :

2 48 units X 10 lb/unit X P 50.00/lb = P24,000.00
P 30/lb of sodium bicarbonate base powder
8000 sq m X 1.2 sq yards per sq m = 9567.88 sq
yards
9567.88 sq yards / 250 sq yards per unit of 15-lb DC
fire extinguisher = 38.27 units of 15-lbs DC fire
extinguishers
Say 39 units of 15-lbs dry chemical fire
extinguisher are needed.
Total Amount of DC powder needed :
39 units X 15-lb/unit = 585 lb
No. of units of 10-lb :
585 lb/10-lb per unit = 58.5
1 Say 59 units of 10-lb DC fire extinguisher are
needed.
For sodium bicarbonate base :
2 59 units x 10 lb/unit x P 30/lb = P 17,700.00