DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

PERSPECTIVE: LEARNING

PREPARED BY:
SICIO, GECEE JHON T.
 LEARNING

---STATES THAT DEVELOPMENT RESULTS FROM

LEARNING, A LONG LASTING CHANGE IN BEHAVIOR
BASED ON EXPERIENCE, OR ADAPTATION TO THE
ENVIRONMENT.
 LEARNING

--- The activity or process of gaining knowledge or

skill by studying, practicing, being taught, or
experiencing something : the activity of someone
who learns.
BEHAVIORISM – is a mechanistic theory which
describes observed behavior as a predictable
response to experience. Behaviorists look for events
that determine whether or not a particular behavior
will be repeated.
THREE MAJOR TYPES OF
BEHAVIORAL LEARNING
 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
● LEARNING BASED ON ASSOCIATION OF A STIMULUS.
● RUSSIAN PSYCHOLOGIST IVAN P. PAVLOV &
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST JOHN B. WATSON WHICH CALLED
“PAVLOVIAN” OR “RESPONDENT CONDITIONING”.
● INVOLVES THE FORMATION (STRENGTHENING) OF AN
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN A CONDITIONED STIMULUS AND A
RESPONSE THROUGH REPEATED PRESENTATION OF THE
CONDITIONED STIMULUS TOGETHER WITH AN
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS.
 OPERANT CONDITIONING
● THE INDIVIDUAL LEARNS FROM THE “CONSEQUENCES” OF
“OPERATING” ON THE ENVIRONMENT.
● OPERANT CONDITIONING IS BASED ON THE CONCEPT AND
IDEA OF BURRHUS FREDERICK SKINNER.
● SKINNER INSISTS THAT PSYCHOLOGISTS CONCERN
THEMSELVES ONLY WITH OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR, THAT IS,
THE PSYCHOLOGIST SHOULD STUDY BEHVIOR AS IT IS AND
NOTHING MORE.

REINFORCEMENT

--IS A CONSEQUENCE OF BEHAVIOR THAT INCREASES THE

LIKELIHOOD THAT THE BEHAVIOR WILL BE REPEATED.
 KINDS OF REINFORCEMENT
1. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
-Consists of giving a reward, such as food, gold,
stars, bonus, praise – or playing with a baby.
2. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
-Taking away something the individual does not like
(aversive event), such as a loud noise. It encourages
repetition by removing an aversive event.
PUNISHMENT is a consequence of behavior that
decreases the likelihood of repetition.
 SOCIAL LEARNING
● Explains human behavior in terms of continuous
reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and
environmental determinants.
● Theory that behaviors are learned by observing and
imitating models.
● Developed by Albert Bandura who has received his
Ph.D. in 1952 at the University of Iowa.
● Bandura put into study the topics on imitation and
identification, social reinforcement, self-reinforcement
and modeling.
 SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
--OBSERVANT CONDITIONING
--Is based on the idea that human behavior is largely
aquired and that the principles of learning are sufficient
to account for the development.
--VICARIOUS LEARNING suggests that people learn just
by mere observing the actions of people or by mere
seeing the consequence the consequence of an act.