Working of Turbines

It is a rotary steady state machine whose purpose is to produce shaft work at the
expense of the pressure of the working fluid.
The expansion of a gas in a nozzle to produce a high-velocity stream is a process
that converts internal energy into kinetic energy.
This kinetic energy is in turn converted into shaft work when the stream impinges
on blades attached to a rotating shaft. Thus a turbine (or expander) consists of
alternate sets of nozzles and rotating blades through which vapor or gas flows in
a steady-state expansion process whose overall effect is the efficient conversion
of the internal energy of a high-pressure stream into shaft work.
When steam provides the motive force as in a power plant, the
device is called a turbine; when a high-pressure gas, such as
ammonia or ethylene in a chemical or petrochemical plant, is
the working fluid, the device is often called an expander.
The shaft work Ws (isentropic) is the maximum that can be
obtained from an adiabatic turbine with given inlet conditions
and given discharge pressure.
Actual turbines produce less work, because the actual
expansion process is irreversible.
Values of efficiency for properly designed turbines or
expanders usually range from 0.7 to 0.8.
We therefore define a turbine efficiency as:
 Compression Processes
•Just as expansion processes result in pressure reductions in a flowing fluid,
so compression processes bring about pressure increases.
•Compressors, pumps, fans, blowers, and vacuum pumps are all devices
designed for this purpose.
•They are vital for the transport of fluids, for fluidization of particulate solids,
for bringing fluids to the proper pressure for reaction or processing, etc.
The compression of gases may be accomplished in
equipment with rotating blades (like a turbine
operating in reverse) or in cylinders with reciprocating
pistons. Rotary equipment is used for high-volume
flow where the discharge pressure is not too high. For
high pressures, reciprocating compressors are
required.
In a compression process, the isentropic work is the
minimum shaft work required for compression of a
gas from a given initial state to a given discharge
pressure.
Compressor efficiencies are usually in the range of 0.7
to 0.8.
 Pumps
Liquids are usually moved by pumps, generally rotating
equipment. The same equations apply to adiabatic pumps as
to adiabatic compressors.
Application of Eq. (7.14) for the calculation of Ws = ΔH requires
values of the enthalpy of compressed (subcooled) liquids, and
these are seldom available. The fundamental property relation,
Eq. (6.8), provides an alternative. For an isentropic process,
 Ws( isentropic) = (ΔH)s = V ∫d P

The usual assumption for liquids (at conditions well

removed from the critical point) is that V is
independent of P. Integration then gives:
 Ejectors
Ejectors remove gases or vapors from an evacuated
space and compress them for discharge at a higher
pressure. Where the mixing of the gases or vapors
with the driving fluid is allowable, ejectors are used.
It is the simplified type of vacuum pump with no
moving parts or piston/cylinder arrangement to
produce vacuum. An ejector consists of an inner
converging/diverging nozzle through which the
driving fluid (commonly steam) is fed, and an outer,
larger nozzle through which both the extracted gases
or vapors and the driving fluid pass.
The momentum of the high-speed fluid leaving the
driving nozzle is partly transferred to the extracted
gases or vapors, and the mixture velocity is therefore
less than that of the driving fluid leaving the smaller
nozzle.
Steam, N2 gas, Inert gases, Compressed air, High
pressure water or High Pressure liquid is used as
driving fluid.
Advantages.
Easy to operate, require less maintenance, installation
cost is low, suitable to handle any type of gas or vapor.
Available in many material of construction.
If gas or vapor are non corrosive then diffusers are
usually constructed of cast iron and steam nozzle is
made of stainless steel. For corrosive gases and vapors
materials such as stainless steel alloys.
Problems.
Steam nozzles can be choked and scaling in the jacket

Single-stage ejector