Chapter 4-DNA FORENSICS

GROUP 3
LEADER : DACERA
ASSISTANT : PERINO
MEMBER
BASERGO ATIL
GONZAGA REYES
TUASON
MANATAD
CLEMENTE INSTRUCTOR : RONALD TUASON
How ethical is it to keep a database of convicted felons'
DNA profiles? Can we rely on DNA fingerprints for
conviction?
What is DNA?

 What does DNA stand for?

 Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What does DNA do ?
 DNA contains genetic information
 DNA codes for proteins our bodies make that are necessary for
survival
 DNA can be use a evidence in crime scene
 What is DNA?

 Among humans, most of the 3 billion bases in the DNA sequence are exatly the
same.
 OurHUMAN DNA is 99.8% similar to each other, 0.2% difference is more
than enough to distinguish us from one another.
 HUMAN DNA is even 98% similar to chimpanzees.
 NOTE: *NO TWO PEOPLE HAVE IDENTICAL DNA* (except identical
twins).
What is DNA?

 DNA is present in nearly every cell of our bodies, and we

leave cells behind everywhere we go without even realizing
it. Flakes of skin, drops of blood, hair, and saliva all contain
DNA that can be used to identify us. In fact, the study
of forensics, commonly used by police departments and
prosecutors around the world, frequently relies upon these
small bits of shed DNA to link criminals to the crimes they
commit.
 What is DNA?

  DNA fingerprint and determining the likelihood of a match between a suspect and a
crime scene is a complicated process that relies upon probability to a
greater extent than most people realize. Government-administered DNA databases,
such as the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), do help speed the process, but
they also bring to light complex ethical issues involving the rights of victims and
suspects alike. Thus, understanding the ways in which DNA evidence is obtained and
analyzed, what this evidence can tell investigators, and how this evidence is used
within the legal system is critical to appreciating the true ethical and legal impact of
forensic genetics.
Where is DNA?

 DNA is found in the cells in our body.

Where is DNA?

White Blood Cell Sperm Cell Cheek Cell

The process of DNA
profiling was invented by
Alec John Jeffreys at the
University of Leicester in
1985
It has now been used
successfully in many crimes
and paternity cases in world
wide.

Invented the DNA Profiling

 DNA Profiling

 DNA PROFILING –is used to solve crimes and medical problems.

 DNA PROFILING CAN BE SOLVE CRIMES BY:
 The pattern of the DNA profile is them compared with those of the victim and the suspect.
 If the profile matches the suspect it provides strong evidence that the suspect was present at
the crime scene.
 If the profile doesn’t match the suspect then the suspect may be eliminated from enquiry.
 DNA Evidence

 DNA evidence is easy to obtain because genetic material is found in all human
cells, save red blood cells. As a result, when we leave behind small biological
bits of ourselves, these bits can be used to identify us and link us to the places
we've been. With modern technology, the amount of DNA required for analysis
can be obtained from even a miniscule biological sample, which allows police
to match crime scene evidence with suspects.
What is DNA forensic?

 DNA profiling is a forensic technique in criminal

investigations, comparing criminal suspects' profiles
to DNA evidence so as to assess the likelihood of their
involvement in the crime. It is also used in parentage
testing, to establish immigration eligibility, and in
genealogical and medical research
How it’s Done?

 Sources of DNA Evidence

 The biological material used to determine a DNA profile
include blood, semen, saliva, urine, feces, hair, teeth,
bone, tissue and cells.
 Sample that may be used

 Samples that May be Used

 Investigators collect items that could have been touched or worn by persons involved in a
crime. The following items may contain DNA material:
-mask -clothing -Sexual assault -Dirty Laundry
-hats -Tools -Underclothes -Fingernail scrapings
-gloves -Weapons -Bedding -Cups/bottles
-Cigarettes -Toothpicks -Toothbrush -Facial Tissue
-Hairbrush -Eyeglasses -Condoms -Ligatures (rope,wire,cords)
 Forensic DNA Analysis

 Collection of Evidence
 Types of Unknown Samples :
-Blood, semen, stains, saliva, hair, tissue, bones , Teeth
 Types of know Samples
-Blood or buccal swabs from suspect or victim or other known person
 Forensic DNA Analysis

 Beware of Contamination
Contamination occurs when DNA from another source gets mixed in with the
sample being collected.
-An investigator touches, sneezes, bleeds on a sample.
-Wear gloves and use disposable instruments
-Package items separately
-ESPECIALLY, Do not mix known samples (from victim or suspect) with
unknown samples.
 Forensic DNA Analysis

 Packaging Evidence
-Package each item individually.
-Put evidence into paper bags, not plastic.
-Moisture degrades DNA; air samples.
- Keep samples at room temperature and out of sun.
(Forensic DNA Analysis)

Basic steps in Analysis

Extraction : Separates DNA sample

Amplification or PCR ( polymerase chain

reaction)
Amplifies small portion of DNA (Short
Tandem Repeat (STR region))
Separation : Separates amplified
fragments according to size.

PCR HOOD
(Forensic DNA Analysis)

Basic steps in Analysis

Extraction : Separates DNA sample

Amplification or PCR ( polymerase chain

reaction)
Amplifies small portion of DNA (Short
Tandem Repeat (STR region))
Separation : Separates amplified fragments
according to size.

The thermal cycler

(Forensic DNA Analysis)

Basic steps in Analysis

Extraction : Separates DNA
sample

Amplification or PCR
( polymerase chain reaction)
Amplifies small portion of DNA
(Short Tandem Repeat (STR
region))
Separation : Separates amplified
fragments according to size.
FMBi