NAME-409

Marine Engineering -II

SLIDE PREPARED by:
Cdre M Muzibur Rahman, (E), psc, BN

RO Plant, Centrifuge &

Deck Machinery
 What is Desalination?
• The process of removing salt and other minerals
from water

• Water is desalinated in order to convert salt water to

fresh water so that it is suitable for human
consumption

• It was done through boiling of water into vapour and

then condensation under pressure. VCD is costly as
it requires large amounts of energy and specialised
infrastructure. So VCD plants are no more used.
 Modern Methods of Desalination
Vacuum Distillation:
•The boiling of water at a much lower temperature than
normal, saving energy

Reverse Osmosis (RO):

•Uses membranes to desalinate, applying reverse
osmosis technology
•Uses semi-permeable membranes and pressure to
separate salts from water
•Less energy is used compared to thermal distillation
•Also used to purify fresh water for marine, medical
and industrial uses
 Reverse Osmosis (RO)
In normal osmosis:
•Water molecules move from a region of lower concentration to
a region of higher concentration through a partially permeable
membrane.

In reverse osmosis:
•Water molecules are forced to move from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower concentration by applying a
huge amount of pressure.
Result:
•Solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane.
•The pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side.
Process of Reverse Osmosis
 RO Process
Membranes used are designed to only allow water molecules
to pass through but does not allow larger molecules such as
salt ions to pass through. So it is called as semi permeable
membrane.

*Osmotic pressure: The tendency for the solvent to flow

through the membrane until there is the same concentration
of the solvent on both sides of the membrane.
 RO Process
The RO process is defined in terms of a number
of variables:
1. Osmotic and operating pressure
2. Salt rejection
3. Permeate recovery

• Membrane manufacturing companies define

system specifications in terms of the feed quality,
which includes salinity (ppm) and temperature.
 RO Process Operating pressure
Operating pressure is adjusted to overcome the adverse
effects of the following:
- Osmotic pressure
- Friction losses
- Membrane resistance

If the operating pressure is set equal to the sum of the above
resistances, the net permeate flow rate across the membrane
would be minimal or equal to zero;

Therefore, the operating pressure is set at higher value in order

to maintain economical permeate flow rate. Normally, 800-
1200 psi pressure is used for seawater, as it has a natural
osmotic pressure of 390 psi.
 Centrifuge
• Purpose is to clean fluids
• Different cleaning methods
 Usage of separators
• Industry separators
- Crude oil product
- Food industry (edible oil, milk)

- Pharmaceutical
- Chemical
- Petrochemical processes
- Treatment of industrial fluids

• Marine separators
- FO
- Lubricating Oil
- Bilge oil separator
- Evaporating water separator
 General information about marine separators

• Bowl rotating and centrifugal force

• Gravity disc

• Water seal
• Operating water
• Water for rinsing
 Fuel oil and lubrication oil separators
• Purifier eliminates contaminants
• Clarifier eliminates high density impurities
• Why is it important to separate FO and LO?
 Parts of
Centrifuge

1: Product feed,
2: Disc stack, 
3: Separating disc, 
4: Concentrate chamber, 
5: Nozzles, 
6:Centripetal pump for light phase, 
7: Discharge of light phase, 
8: Centripetal pump for medium phase, 
9: Discharge of medium phase, 
10: Feed for wash water or concentrate recycle
 How does it work
• The contaminated product is
pumped to the separator
• Separation takes place inside a
rotating bowl
• Light phase is discharged
through the outlet pipe
• Water forms a seal around
the outer edge
• The solids collect in the
periphery where they are
discharged
 Capstan
A capstan is a vertical-axled rotating machine developed
for ships to apply force to ropes, cables, and hawsers. The
principle is similar to that of the windlass, which has a
horizontal axle.
 Windlass
Windlass is a machine used on ships to let-out and heave-up
equipment such as ship's anchor or fishing trawl.
 Trawl windlass is a similar machine that restrains or manipulates
trawl on a commercial fishing vessel.
A brake is provided for control and a windlass is usually powered by
an electric or hydraulic motor operating via a gear train.
 Capstan Vs Windlass
• A windlass is a complex device meant for the
same purpose as that of capstan, but comprised
of different parts, which together make the
anchorage process smoother and easier.
Windlass is slower in operation.

• A capstan differs from a windlass in the matter of

the axis on which the rope or cable is wound. Axis
of a capstan is vertical, whereas for a windlass it
is horizontal. Moreover, capstan is faster in
operation.
 Davit and
Derrick: Derrick
A derrick is a lifting device composed at minimum of one guyed
mast, which may be articulated over a load by adjusting its guys.
Most derricks have at least two components, either a guyed mast or
self-supporting tower, and a boom hinged at its base to provide
articulation. To lift a load, a separate line runs up and over the mast
with a hook on its free end, as with a crane.

Some large derricks are mounted on dedicated vessels, and known as

floating derricks and sheer legs.

The derrick derives its name from a type of gallows named

after Thomas Derrick, an Elizabethan era English executioner.