Atomic structure

and bonding
4.3
 Atom
• Each atom consists of a very small nucleus composed of protons and
neutrons,which is encircled by moving electrons.Both electrons and
protons are electrically charged, the charge magnitude being which is
negative in sign for electrons and positive for protons; neutrons are
electrically neutral.
• Each chemical element is characterized by the number of protons in
the nu- cleus,or the atomic number (Z).1 For an electrically neutral or
complete atom,the atomic number also equals the number of electrons
 Bohr’s model
• Bohr atomic model, in which electrons are assumed to revolve
around the atomic nucleus in discrete orbitals, and the position of
any particular electron is more or less well defined in terms of its
orbital
• Valence electrons are those that occupy the outermost shell. These
electrons are extremely important; as will be seen, they participate
in the bonding between atoms to form atomic and molecular
aggregates
 Valence eletrons
• The electrons responsible for the chemical properties of
atoms, and are those in the outer energy level.
• Valence electrons - The s and p electrons in the outer
energy level
• the highest occupied energy level
• Core electrons – are those in the energy levels below.
 valence
• A way of showing & keeping track of valence electrons.
• How to write them?
• Write the symbol - it represents the nucleus and inner (core)
electrons
• Put one dot for each valence electron (8 maximum)
• They don’t pair up until they have to (Hund’s rule)
 The octet rule + cations
• The Octet Rule: in forming compounds, atoms tend to achieve a noble gas
configuration; 8 in the outer level is stable
 Each noble gas (except He, which has 2) has 8 electrons in the outer level
• Metals lose electrons to attain a noble gas configuration.
• They make positive ions (cations)
• If we look at the electron configuration, it makes sense to lose electrons:
• Na 1s22s22p63s1 1 valence electron
• Na1+ 1s22s22p6 This is a noble gas configuration with 8 electrons in the outer level.
 anions
• Nonmetals gain electrons to attain noble gas configuration.
• They make negative ions (anions)
• S = 1s22s22p63s23p4 = 6 valence electrons
• S2- = 1s22s22p63s23p6 = noble gas configuration.
• Halide ions are ions from chlorine or other halogens that gain
electrons
 Bonding

• Three different types of primary or chemical bond are found in

solids—ionic, covalent, and metallic. For each type, the bonding
necessarily involves the valence electrons; furthermore, the nature
of the bond depends on the electron structures of the constituent
atoms.
 Ionic bonding
• Ionic bonding is perhaps the easiest to describe and visualize. It is always
found in compounds that are composed of both metallic and nonmetallic
elements, elements that are situated at the horizontal extremities of the
periodic table. Atoms of a metallic element easily give up their valence
electrons to the nonmetallic atoms. In the process all the atoms acquire
stable or inert gas configurations
• Ionic bond - An atom with one or more electrons are wholly transferred
from one element to another, and the elements are held together by the
force of attraction due to the opposite polarity of the charge
Sodium chloride ionic bond
 Covalent bonding
• In covalent bonding, stable electron configurations are assumed by the
sharing of electrons between adjacent atoms. Two atoms that are
covalently bonded will each contribute at least one electron to the bond,
and the shared electrons may be considered to belong to both atoms.
• Covalent bond - An atom that needs electrons to complete its outer
shell shares those electrons with its neighbor A bond formed by shared
electrons. The electrons are then part of both atoms and both shells are
filled.
 Metallic bonding
• Metallic bonding, the final primary bonding type, is found in metals and
their alloys. Metallic materials have one ,two ,or at most ,three valence
electrons. With this model ,these valence electrons are not bound to any
particular atom in the solid and are more or less free to drift throughout the
entire metal. They form a “sea of electrons” or an “electron cloud.”
• In this type of bond, the atoms do not share or exchange electrons to
bond together. Instead, many electrons (roughly one for each atom) are
more or less free to move throughout the metal, so that each electron can
interact with many of the fixed atoms.
 Molecular bonding/van der Waal
• Molecular bond - When the electrons of neutral atoms spend more time in one
region of their orbit, a temporary weak charge will exist. The molecule will
weakly attract other molecules. This is sometimes called the van der Waals or
molecular bonds.
• Secondary, van der Waals, or physical bonds are weak in comparison to the
primary or chemical ones
• Secondary bonding forces arise from atomic or molecular dipoles
• Hydrogen bonding, a special type of secondary bonding, is found to exist
between some molecules that have hydrogen as one of the constituent.
 THE END
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