Slide Collection - MW Network Planning - New Issue

Microwave Network Planning Course
1 © Nokia Siemens Networks INTRODUCTION / F.TADDEI / MAY 2007

PREFACE
Objectives
The main objective of this course is to give rules and guidelines
for a correct and effective microwave network planning.
Target Group
Planned for Technicians, System Engineers and Network
Planners
Prerequisites
Telecommunication knowledge
2 © Nokia Siemens Networks Microwawe Network Planning - NP01 INTRODUCTION / F.TADDEI / MAY 2007
1.1 SDH Network
High CAPACITY Network

MULTI-DROP
STM
STM1 -4
STM-2
RING MSC
STM1
TM1
S
STAR
Full Optical Collector Point
Mw BSC or Hub
Optical +MW ( backup)

1.2 PDH Network
Medium CAPACITY Network
16E1
– 32
4E1 E1
1+0
1+0
8E1 BSC
RING
1+1
4E1
1+0 +0
1 1
4E
MULTI-DROP STAR
BTS or Hub
1.3 2G Mobile Network
Medium CAPACITY Network
Core
Network
SRA 4 SDH STM 1 MSC MSC SRALxD - PDH
BSC
BSC BSC
BTS
BTS
BTS BTS BTS
BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS
Ring Star Multi-drop

PDH Nx2 Mbit/s
1.4 UMTS Network 3G (1 of 2)
– Microwave Eqt: PDH N x 2 Mbit/s
4E1
16E1 8E1
4E1
4E1 4E1
Hub
8E1 16E1
8E1
1.4 UMTS Network 3G (2 of 2)
– Microwave Network SRA 4 1 or 2 STM1
1 or 2 STM-1
Hub
Hub
1 or 2 STM-1
1 or 2 STM-1
1 or 2 STM-1
RNC
1 or 2 STM-1
Hub
1 or 2 STM-1
Hub
1.6 PDH and SDH Layer example
2 .1.1 MW Planning: Activities Flow chart
Specifications Data Acquisition
Preparation work
Link Data Link & Site data Input
LOS
Refining Work
END
2.1.1 MW Planning: Short service description
Activities
Preliminary study
NETWORK DESIGN Intermediate study
Frequency plan
Final study Link Description
Microwave Planning
Preliminary Activity
FIELD ACTIVITIES Intermediate Activity T.S.S
Final Activity L.O.S.
2.1.3 Networks Design ( 1 of 2)
PRELIMINARY STUDY
• Nominal MW connection plan, including equipment capacity and configuration in accordance to the customer requirements;
• The nominal plan must be evaluated, eventually modified and finally approved by the customer.
INTERMEDIATE STUDY
• Survey activity coordination.
• Updating and modification of the nominal plan according to the path survey results.
• Adjustment of equipment configuration and capacity according the location definition.

• Antenna’s height and positioning according to the data coming from site survey.
 Calculation of antenna azimuth.
• Calculation of power received level.
• Frequency plan.
• Insertion in a database of all MW connection data.
• Presentation in MapInfo A4 – A3 – A0 format.
FINAL STUDY
• Final network plan preparation.
• Final frequency plan and interference calculation considering all the sub-network.
• Performance and outage evaluation for all sub-network.
2.1.3 Network Design ( 2 of 2)
PRELIMINARY ACTIVITIES
• Candidates evaluation for each site location.
• The locations that are defined or pre-selected during the planning phase of a network will be inspected with respect to their availability
and suitability. Every site generally has three possible candidates that are sometimes visited in different moments.
• Compilation of a form with all data related to the different location candidates and with an indication on the preferred one.
• Insertion in a database of all the information of the sites.
PATH AND SITE SURVEY

• Technical site survey for each selected locations.
• The activity of site survey is performed to verify the suitability of the sites to installation of the radio system and includes a preliminary
visibility check. It will be followed if required by a path survey during the hop planning to assure the RF path clearance.
• At the end of the survey all notes taken in field will be checked, translated and put in final form. The survey report, then, will be prepared
and forwarded to the Customer if required.
FINAL ACTIVITIES
• Control of the L.O.S foreseen in the nominal plan and other possibilities.
• For green field location (towers of 30-40 meters) crane will be rented.
• Insertion in a database of all the information of the antenna structure and visibilities.
• Search of repeaters or leased line request for those locations that do not have any visibility.
For all the locations, the project drawings will be reviewed and the possible changes will be added.
• Approval of the project drawings.
2.2 Technical Site Survey T.S.S.
•Description and Form

•Candidate evaluation process
•Participants & Scope of work
2.2.1 T.S.S.: Description
• Example of report form
The site survey activity is performed to verify

the suitability of the sites for the installation of
the radio system
A preliminary path survey to assure the RF

path clearance will be carried out:
of the type pass no-pass.
Check of foreseen L.O.S in the nominal plan.

Search of leased line for alternative radio
solution .
A report will be issued and will be forwarded

to the Customer if required.
Note: For green-field location (towers) a 30 - 40 m. crane

must be provided .
2.2.2 T.S.S.: Candidate evaluation process
Evaluation of BTS/BSC candidates

 The defined planned locations will be inspected verifying their availability and suitability.
Every site generally has three possible candidates generally surveyed in different moments
Indication of the preferred candidates , 1-2-3 ranking : 1 stands for not preferred, 3 as preferred.
 For each HUB area at least three candidates will be selected and analyzed.
 At the end of process candidates will be proposed to the Acquisition Department.
Example of ranking between three candidates

Departments or delegates Candidate A Candidate B Candidate C
Site Acquisition Dpt. 2 1 2

Civil Work Dpt. 1 2 1
RF Planning Dpt. 2 1 Rejected
MW Planning Dpt. 3 1 2
RANKING 8 5 Rejected
Candidate A has been selected
2.2.3 TSS : Participants and scope of work
Survey Organization
Involved Departments:
TSS TEAM
 Definition of BSC sites . Radio Network planning Site Acquisition
 Definition of Hub sites.
 Evaluation of BTS sites Microwave planning Civil Works
TSS REPORT
2.3 Equipment forecast: Bill of Material (BOM)
• BoM guidelines
• BoM by site priority
• BoM total
• BoM by site
• BoM by Infrastructure
3 - Line of Sight (LoS)
•Scope
•Example of report
•Example of Matrix of LoS
•Team Eqt
3.1 LoS : Scope
Verify the presence of obstruction in the link with a mirror flash
Verify the structure high
Verify the space on existing infrastructure
Site orientation with compass
Verify the presence of near obstacle
3.2 LoS : Report example
Site A Photo of Site A from Site B Profile
Site B Photo of Site B from Site A Polygonal
3.3 LoS : Visibility matrix
Positive LOS
Alternative LOS
Negative LOS
3.4 Team Eqt
1 LOS Form
2 Cluster Network
3 GPS : Type Garmin III plus 76S
4 Binocular : Type 10x70 (magnify x diameter)
5 Mirror : min 70x50cm
6 Mobile phone
7 Compass
8 20m tape
9 Digital Camera
Network Planning Course
NP02 - TYPOLOGIES
4 & 5 Typologies & Protections

23 © Nokia Siemens Networks INTRODUCTION / F.TADDEI / MAY 2007
4.1 Mobile Networks Overview and associated issues
•Network Typologies
•Protection
4.1.1 PDH Network Typology
CONFIGURATION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Config. 1+0
All E1 are protected through two different hops Difficult to implement (all sites must be defined)
RING Longest hops allowed (less performance
required for the single hops)
More flexible than ring

(sites can be added later on) Expensive use of Frequency channels
STAR Config. 1+0
Very flexible Critical situation for first link

MULTIDROP Config. 1+0 or 1+1
4.1.2 SDH Network typology
CONFIGURATION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Config. 1+0
Up to 2xSTM1 Difficult to implement (all sites must be defined)
RING Every E1 is protected trough two different hops
Longest hops allowed (less performance
required for the single hops)
Config. 1+0 or 1+1 HSBY Expensive use of Frequency channels

STAR More flexible than ring (sites can be added later
on)
Config. 1+0 or 1+1 HSBY Critical situation for first link

MULTIDROP Very flexible
3.2.4 Ad/disadvantages
ST
STAR ST
MULTIDROP ST
RING
M M M
1 1 1
f1 HUB f1 f1 HUB
A A HUB A
2xSTM1 3xSTM1
2xSTM1
1xSTM1
3xSTM1
1xSTM1
f2 f2
f3 f2 f2 f2
ST ST f1 ST
1 M 1 M 1 M
M 1 T M 1 T M 2xSTM1 1
ST S S
B C B C B C
4.2 Protection
•Frequency diversity
•Space diversity
•Path Protection
•Rain protection
4.2.0 Link Countermeasures
Rain Increasing the Rx Power

Antenna diameter
Link Issues Fading Frequency Diversity

Double Eqt & RF Channels
Reflection Space Diversity

Double Eqt & Antenna
4.2.1 Frequency Diversity
Protection against fast/deep fading

Statistically a deep fading is not coherent among near frequencies
f1
TX1 RX1
f2
TX2 RX2
Amplitude attenuation vs frequency at time t0
frequency
f1 f2
4.2.2 Space Diversity
Protection against the co presence of direct and reflected rays

The phase among the two rays varies till make null the vector sum
1st virtual link Rx status (to)
1st virtual Link
TX1 RX1
2 virtual Link
nd
TX1 RX1
2nd virtual link RX status (to)
Link effected : Sea/ lake paths , flat plane (flood subject) , rice fields
4.2.3 Path protection x Ring configuration
STM
-4
 A
MSC  B
B
 C
Branch Failure
3 STM4
A ring branch FAILURE doesn't affect the Data Transmission
4.2.4 Rain effects - countermeasures
Due to the characteristics of the rain phenomenon,

spatial extension and very wideband effects, the
classic frequency and space diversity countermeasures,
are not applicable.
Two possibilities remain :

A B
1. Fade Margin increase
2. Routing diversity selection  s
Diversity-gain is defined as
the difference between the attenuation measured
on one hop and the
simultaneous attenuation measured on the opposite hop.
Test gave the following results on the diversity-gain :
• Increases with the distance with a saturation around 12 km

• Decreases with the hop length
• Is independent from the frequency
-
End of Paragraph
5 - Network dimensioning
•Ring & Branch configuration
5.1 Ring and Branch Applications
HUB sites HUB

HUB MTX
MW SDH Rings
MW + Fiber Optic SDH Rings
PDH traffic
1° Define the hub sites

HUB
HUB
2° Define the Major ring network
3° Define the secondary rings
4° Define PDH links
HUB
HUB
5.2 Network Set up Procedure
Procedure
1. Localize all the sites on the map

2. Localize the major Tx Site or the Switching station
3. Define the SDH Ring Network
4. Define the secondary SDH/PDH Ring Network
5. Connect the sites on the ring with Multi-drop Networks
6. Connect the remaining sites with Star Network
Next
Next Slide Pack

-
NP03 Topics
NP03 - Topics
6 & 7 Frequency Plan & Equipment
39 © Nokia Siemens Networks Microwawe Network Planning / F.TADDEI / MAY 2007

6 - Frequency Plan 40
•Channel raster
•Channels density
•Channels priority
•High-Low Technique
40 © Nokia Siemens Networks Microwawe Network Planning - NP03 TOPICS / F.TADDEI / MAY 2007
6.1 Raster for Analog System 41
Recommended for Analog Systems
Lower
Lowersub
subband
band Upper
Uppersub
subband
band
Polarization
1 3 5 7 N-1 1’ 3’ 5’ 7’ N-1’
Z X X X
H (V)
Fc F
V (H)
X X X Z
2 4 6 8 N 2’ 4’ 6’ 8’ N’
X/2 Y
RF Channel Band
Y= Central guard Band Z= Edge guard Band X= co-polar channel spacing
6.2 Raster for Digital System 42
Recommended for Digital Systems
Lower Upper
Uppersub
subband
Lowersub
subband
band band
Polarization
1 3 5 7 N-1 1’ 3’ 5’ 7’ N-1’
H (V) Z X X X
Fc
F
Z
V (H)
2 4 6 8 N 2’ 4’ 6’ 8’ N’
Y
RF Channel Band
6.3 Raster example 43
Single polarization 4Tx +4Rx  4 Channels
Frequency shifter = 245 MHz
Central Band frequency = 7662.5 MHz
Recommendation ITU RF 385 6 Annex 4
6.3.1 Raster 38 GHz example 44
RASTER 38 GHz
2X2 LOW HI 4X2 LOW HI 8X2 LOW HI 16X2 LOW HI
81 37339.75 38599.75
41 37341.5 38601.5
82 37343.25 38603.25
21 37345 38605
83 37346.75 38606.75
42 37348.5 38608.5
84 37350.25 38610.25
11 37352 38612
85 37353.75 38613.75
43 37355.5 38615.5
86 37357.25 38617.25
22 37359 38619
87 37360.75 38620.75
44 37362.5 38622.5
88 37364.25 38624.25
89 37367.75 38627.75
45 37369.5 38629.5
90 37371.25 38631.25
23 37373 38633
91 37374.75 38634.75
46 37376.5 38636.5
92 37378.25 38638.25
12 37380 38640
93 37381.75 38641.75
47 37383.5 38643.5
94 37385.25 38645.25
24 37387 38647
95 37388.75 38648.75
48 37390.5 38650.5
96 37392.25 38652.25
6.3.2 Raster 23 GHz example 45
RASTER 23 GHz
2X2 LOW HI 4X2 LOW HI 8X2 LOW HI 16X2 LOW HI
35 22123.5 23131.5 17 22123.5 23131.5
36 22127 23135 9 22127 23135
37 22130.5 23138.5 18 22130.5 23138.5
38 22134 23142 5 22134 23142
39 22137.5 23145.5 19 22137.5 23145.5
40 22141 23149 10 22141 23149
41 22144.5 23152.5 20 22144.5 23152.5
42 22148 23156
43 22151.5 23159.5 21 22151.5 23159.5
44 22155 23163 11 22155 23163
45 22158.5 23166.5 22 22158.5 23166.5
46
6.3.3 Channels density
fA
fA’
TR TR
16xE1
8xE1
2xE1
4xE1
frequency
Tx-Rx Rx -Tx
6.4 Frequency Assignment 47
Single Link
Once the Tx channel will be chosen among the frequencies into the Upper Band or in the Lower Band ,
the correspondent Rx channel is the opposite frequency.
f4
A B
f4’
Consecutive Links
Once the TX and RX frequencies for the first link has been assigned how to continue to proceed with the
frequency assignment ?
f4 B fx ?
A C
f4’ fx’
fy ?
How to choose the frequencies fx and fy ? fy’
D
The frequencies fx’ and fy’ are defined as soon the fx and fy frequencies are defined.
6.4.1 High Low Technique 48
A4
A1 A2 f3’
High
Low f4’ A3
High
f5’ A7
Low
f1’ Low
A5 f1’ A12
A6
High f4’ Low
f2’ A10 A11

A8 f4’ f3’
A9
f3’ Low High
f5’
High Low
6.5 INTERFERENCE 49
INTERFERANCE DEFINITION
Any un-desiderate signal received with the same frequency of the main signal interferes with it,
and it generates an interference (error bit) during the demodulation process
Fundamental helping actors for interference limitation
 ANTENNA
 RF FILTER Only for adjacent frequencies
 Link Polarization Only for opening angles < 60°
6.5.4 RF Interference 1st case 50
Interference [dB]= AΔd + Aφ AΔd=A(d1)-A(d2)
Main Link
f3 d1
Link 1
A(d1)
φ Aφ
Link
2
d2 f3
Inte
A(d2) rfer
ing
Link
Note : Equipment transmit the same Tx Power
6.5.5 RF Interference typical case 51
Interference [dB]= AΔd + Aφ + A AΔd=A(d1)-A(d2)
Main Link
f3 d1
Link 1
Reducing Effects (improving)
A(d1)
Aφ φ 1 Hop clearance
2 Different Environmental hop status
Inte
rf e r 3 Automatic Transmitted Power Control
ing
d2 Virt
ual
A(d2) hop
f3
Link 2 
Interfering Link
Situation doesn’t change if the Link 2 works with cross polarization

Note : Equipment transmit the same Tx Power
- 52
End of Paragraph
7 MW Equipment selection and Network Planning 53
Mw Equipment Selection
Ring Configuration & SDH Network SRA medium size antenna
Multipoint Configuration & PDH Network SRA L small antenna
Frequency Rasters
Ring Configuration & SDH Network limited number of frequencies in 7-11GHz
Multipoint Configuration & PDH Network reasonable number of frequencies in 15-18-23 GHz
Planning technique
High Low Technique & Polarization discrimination
7.1 SDH EQT 54
SRA EQT 2xSTM1 in cross polarization

Working Bands 7-11 GHz
Antennas 0.6-0.8-1.2-1.8m
7.2 PDH EQT 55
SRA L EQT 2x(1-4–8-16)E1 in 1+0 or 1+1 configuration single polarization

Working Bands 15-18-23-38 GHz
Antenna diameter 0.3-0.6-0.8-1.2-1.8 m
NP04 - PathLoss
8&9 DTM & PATHLOSS

56 © Nokia Siemens Networks Microwawe Network Planning / F.TADDEI / MAY 2007
8 - DTM: Digital Terrain Maps 57
•Example of
•DTM Maps
•3D views
•Terrain profiles
Note DTM = DEM

DEM Maps
Digital Elevation Model
57 © Nokia Siemens Networks Microwawe Network Planning - NP04 PATHLOSS / F.TADDEI / MAY 2007
8.1 DTM: map 58
8.2 DTM and cartographic 59
8.3 Immediate terrain profile generation 60
8.4 Profile Rendering 61
A Digital Maps is a data file containing matrix points corresponding to terrain heights
The maps records points with a fixed minimum grid step.

Grid
Step
Real Profile
Selected Points
Stored Data (i.e.) 891 892 879 882 891 877 865 875
Rendered profile
Curve with minimum Grid Step Curve with 2 times Grid Step
- 62
End of Paragraph
Note for instructor To more on MAPS go to : PL08 MAPS
9 - Planning tool - Pathloss 63
•Description
•Calculation procedure
•Main feature
•Data insertion
•Terrain View
•Path Profile
•Interface calculation
•Reports
9.1.1 Pathloss 4.0 : Description 64
 Pathloss 4.0 is a module for link propagation analysis.

 The tool-scope is the radio link performance prediction (quality and
unavailability) and the interference degradations calculation.
 Pathloss has been developed by Contract Telecom Engineering (CTE) in

Windows environment following SIEMENS procedure and knowledge. The
formulas are computed according to Rec. ITU-R P.530-8 and taking into
account SIEMENS consolidated experience.
The equipment database is at

 CTE commits himself to implement SIEMENS care. SIEMENS is
the future evolution of the responsible to maintain and update
recommendations. the equipment database.
9.1.2 Pathloss 4.0 : Calculation Procedure 65
Equipment Geographical System

OBJECTIVES
Data Base Data Data
Flat Fade Margin Interference Path Clearance

Calculation Study Study
RAIN If If
Multi-path Diversity Improvement Diversity Improvement

CHANGES
( Flat ) ( Flat ) ( Selective )
Multi-path
( Selective )
QUALITY Objectives
Reached? NO
YES
Availability
FINAL RESULT
9.1.3 Pathloss 4.0 : Main Features 66
Calculation of link performance
Interference analysis
Managing of high resolution digital maps in raster

format
Reflection and multi-path analysis
Antennas height optimization
Import/export of data in text format
Calculation method:
Geo-climatic factor (Rec. ITU-R P.530-8)
BER SES (ITU-T G.826)
Non-availability due to rain (ITU-R Rec. 530-8).
Non-availability due to rain in the worst month
(Rec. ITU-R P.841)
9.1.4 Pathloss 4.0 : Data Input 67
Clicking on the
corresponding
network elements,
the following
parameters can be set:
Reliability options
Geo-climatic factor
Rain attenuation
Antenna
Wave-guide
Branching losses
Equipment
Frequency channels
Diversity
9.1.5 Pathloss 4.0 : Terrain view 68
MOUNTAIN
HILL
FLAT PLAIN
Different color range correspond to different altitude range
9.1.6 Pathloss 4.0 : Path profile 69
9.1.7 Pathloss 4.0 : Interference Calculation 70
Three main type of interference mechanisms can be

individuated
Not correlated interferences

Partially correlated interferences
Correlated interferences
Simply ticking on the pop up windows:

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Microwave Network Planning Course

1 © Nokia Siemens Networks INTRODUCTION / F.TADDEI / MAY 2007

High CAPACITY Network

Mw BSC or Hub

Optical +MW ( backup)

Medium CAPACITY Network

Medium CAPACITY Network

SRA 4 SDH STM 1 MSC MSC SRALxD - PDH

Ring Star Multi-drop

– Microwave Eqt: PDH N x 2 Mbit/s

– Microwave Network SRA 4 1 or 2 STM1

Specifications Data Acquisition

Link Data Link & Site data Input

NETWORK DESIGN Intermediate study

FIELD ACTIVITIES Intermediate Activity T.S.S

Final Activity L.O.S.

• Adjustment of equipment configuration and capacity according the location definition.

PATH AND SITE SURVEY

•Description and Form

The site survey activity is performed to verify

A preliminary path survey to assure the RF

Check of foreseen L.O.S in the nominal plan.

A report will be issued and will be forwarded

Note: For green-field location (towers) a 30 - 40 m. crane

Evaluation of BTS/BSC candidates

 At the end of process candidates will be proposed to the Acquisition Department.

Example of ranking between three candidates

Site Acquisition Dpt. 2 1 2

 Definition of BSC sites . Radio Network planning Site Acquisition

 Definition of Hub sites.

 Evaluation of BTS sites Microwave planning Civil Works

Verify the presence of obstruction in the link with a mirror flash

Verify the structure high

Verify the space on existing infrastructure

Site orientation with compass

Verify the presence of near obstacle

Site A Photo of Site A from Site B Profile

Site B Photo of Site B from Site A Polygonal

3 GPS : Type Garmin III plus 76S

4 Binocular : Type 10x70 (magnify x diameter)

5 Mirror : min 70x50cm

4 & 5 Typologies & Protections

CONFIGURATION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

More flexible than ring

Very flexible Critical situation for first link

CONFIGURATION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Config. 1+0 or 1+1 HSBY Expensive use of Frequency channels

Config. 1+0 or 1+1 HSBY Critical situation for first link

Rain Increasing the Rx Power

Link Issues Fading Frequency Diversity

Reflection Space Diversity

Protection against fast/deep fading

Amplitude attenuation vs frequency at time t0

Protection against the co presence of direct and reflected rays

2nd virtual link RX status (to)

A ring branch FAILURE doesn't affect the Data Transmission

Due to the characteristics of the rain phenomenon,

Two possibilities remain :

Test gave the following results on the diversity-gain :

• Increases with the distance with a saturation around 12 km

•Ring & Branch configuration

HUB sites HUB