CABLING

PRESENTATION
BY CALEB KANDORO
OBJECTIVES
• 4.5.3 TO DESCRIBE THE CONSTRICTION AND PROPERTIES OF THE
TRANSMISSION LINES :
• OPTICAL FIBERS
• COAXIAL CABLES
• TWIN WIRES(WIRE PAIRS)
• WAVEGUIDES
OPTICAL FIBERS
• OPTIC FIBRES ARE CABLES THAT USE LIGHT TO TRANSMIT DATA OR
POWER THROUGH THE CABLE. PRIMARILY THE APPLICATION IS IN
DATA TRANSMISSION
• THEIR CONSTRUCTION INVOLVES DRAWING GLASS OR SILICA USING A
DIE TO A DIAMETER SLIGHTLY GREATER THAN THAT OF A HUMAN
HAIR. THESE WIRES THEN CONDUCT LIGHT ALONG THEIR LENGTH
FROM SOURCE TO RECEIVER BY TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION OF
LIGHT WITHIN THE CABLE.
• AN OPTIC FIBER CABLE TYPICALLY HAS MULTIPLE WIRES ARRANGED
IN A SPECIFIC CONFIGURATION
OPTIC FIBER CONSTRUCTION
• THESE ARE TYPICALLY MADE OF A CORE FIBER SURROUNDED BY
CLADDING OF A LOWER REFRACTIVE INDEX THAN THE CORE. THIS
CONSTRUCTION ENSURES ALL LIGHT IS RETAINED IN THE FIBER BY
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION OF THE LIGHT THAT TRAVELS ALONG IT.
• THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF THE CORE CAN BE SPLIT INTO TWO
CATEGORIES, STEP INDEX WHER THE CORE IS UNIFORM IN
REFRACTIVE INDEX AND HAS AN ABRUPT CHANGE AT THE CORE
CLADDING INTERFACE AND THERE IS THE GRADED INDEX FIBER
WHERE THE INDEX VARIES FROM THE AXIS TO THE EDGES OF THE
FIBER
STEP VS GRADED INDEX FIBERS
SINGLE MODE VS MULTIMODE
• Single Mode fiber optic cable has a small diametral core that allows only one
mode of light to propagate. Because of this, the number of light reflections
created as the light passes through the core decreases, lowering attenuation
and creating the ability for the signal to travel further.
• Multimode fiber optic cable has a large diametral core that allows multiple
modes of light to propagate. Because of this, the number of light reflections
created as the light passes through the core increases, creating the ability
for more data to pass through at a given time. Because of the high
dispersion and attenuation rate with this type of fiber, the quality of the
signal is reduced over long distances. This application is typically used for
short distance, data and audio/video applications in LANs
SINGLE MODE VS MULTIMODE
CONSTRUCTION
• In practical fibers, the cladding is usually coated with a tough resin
coating and an additional buffer layer, which may be further
surrounded by a jacket layer, usually plastic.
• TYPES:
• LOOSE TUBE
• Loose-tube cables typically are used for outside-plant installation in aerial, duct and
direct-buried applications.color-coded plastic buffer tubes house and protect optical
fibers. A gel filling compound impedes water penetration.
• TIGHT BUFFERED
• Multi-fiber, tight-buffered cables often are used for intra-building, risers, general building
and plenum applications. the buffering material is in direct contact with the fiber.
TIGHT BUFFER VS LOOSE TUBE
ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBERS
• NO ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE
• VERY SMALL ATTENUATION(THUS PERMITTING LONG DISTANCE
TRANSMISSION)
• HIGHER BANDWIDTH THAT OTHER TECHNIQUES
COAXIAL CABLES
• Coaxial cable, or coax (pronounced /ˈkoʊ.æks/), is a type of electrical
cable that has an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating
layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield.Coaxial cable is used
as a transmission line for radio frequency signals.Normally, the shield
is kept at ground potential and a signal carrying voltage is applied to
the center conductor. The inner conductor might be solid or stranded;
stranded is more flexible.The insulator surrounding the inner
conductor may be solid plastic, a foam plastic, or air with spacers
supporting the inner wire.
CONSTRUCTION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
• One advantage of coaxial over other types of radio transmission line is that in
an ideal coaxial cable the electromagnetic field carrying the signal exists only
in the space between the inner and outer conductors. This allows coaxial
cable runs to be installed next to metal objects such as gutters without the
power losses that occur in other types of transmission lines. Coaxial cable also
provides protection of the signal from external electromagnetic interference
• DISADVANTAGES
• High installation costs
• vulnerable to lightning strikes
• High losses
TWIN WIRE (WIRE PAIR)
• Twin-lead cable is a two-conductor flat cable used as a balanced
transmission line to carry radio frequency (RF) signals. It is constructed of
two stranded copper or copper-clad steel wires, held a precise distance
apart by a plastic (usually polyethylene) ribbon. The uniform spacing of the
wires is the key to the cable's function as a transmission line;
• Twin lead and other types of parallel-conductor transmission line are
mainly used to connect radio transmitters and receivers to their antennas.
• Ladder line or "window line" is a variation of twin lead which is constructed
similarly, except that the polyethylene webbing between the wires which
holds them apart has rectangular openings
CONSTRUCTION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
• Twin lead can have significantly
lower signal loss than miniature
flexible coaxial cable at
shortwave and VHF radio
frequencies
• Cable is much cheaper
• twin-lead is more vulnerable to
interference.
• Proximity to metal objects will
inject signals into twin-lead that
would be blocked out by coaxial
cable.
• Twin-lead is also susceptible to
significant degradation when
wet or ice covered,
WAVEGUIDES
• A waveguide is a structure that guides waves, such as electromagnetic
waves or sound, with minimal loss of energy by restricting expansion
to one dimension or two. The original and most common is a hollow
conductive metal pipe used to carry high frequency radio waves,
particularly microwaves
TYPES OF WAVEGUIDES
• Optical fibers transmit light and signals for long distances with low
attenuation and a wide usable range of wavelengths.
• In a microwave oven a waveguide transfers power from the
magnetron, where waves are formed, to the cooking chamber.
• In a radar, a waveguide transfers radio frequency energy to and from
the antenna, where the impedance needs to be matched for efficient
power transmission (see below).
• Rectangular and Circular waveguides are commonly used to connect
feeds of parabolic dishes to their electronics, either low-noise
receivers or power amplifier/transmitters.