Alternative solution to

previous problem
Combustion of Coal
 Fuel: 37.0 % FC Refuse: 7.40%FC
40.5 % VCM 8.25% VCM
8.9 % Ash 84.35% Ash
HV = 14350 BTU/lb
Basis: 100 g of Fuel feed
Ash balance: 0.089(100) = 0.8435 (Refuse)
Refuse = 10.55
Unburned coal = 0.0825(10.55)(
Coked Coal = 0.074(10.55) – 0.37(2.14) = - 0.011
therefore. Coked coal is negligible
Combustion of Coal
Fuel:
  37.0 % FC Refuse: 15.6%FC
40.5 % VCM 0.4% VCM
8.9 % Ash
HV = 14350 BTU/lb
Basis: 100 g of Fuel feed
Ash balance: 0.089(100) = (1 – 0.156 – 0.004) (Refuse)
Refuse = 10.60
Unburned coal = 0.004(10.60)(
which can be considered negligible
Coked Coal = 0.156(10.60) – 0.37(0.1) = 1.62
if unburned coal is neglected , Coked coal = 1.65 g
The stack gas from a boiler furnace contains 10.8 % CO2, 0.2 % CO, 9.0 % O2
and 80.0 % N2. These gases enter the stack at 400 oC; 500 kg of coal are burnt
per hour. The proximate analysis of the coal as fired is 1.44 % moisture, 34.61
% volatile mater, 57.77 % fixed carbon, and 6.18 % ash, and the heating value
is 33.3 kJ/g. An analysis for carbon and sulfur shows these to be 78.76 % and
0.78 % respectively. Furthermore, it is known that coal from the same field
averages 1.3 % N. The volatile matter of the refuse (dry) is 4 % and fixed
carbon 21 %. Air in the boiler room has a temperature of 25 oC.

Calculate: % heat lost due to unburnt combustible in refuse

 25 oC
1.44 moisture AIR 10.8 % CO2
57.77 % FC 0.2 %CO
34.61 %VCM 9 % O2
6.18 % Ash 80. % N2
COAL FLUE GAS
500 kg/hr FURNACE
400 oC
HV = 33.3 kJ/g  (
78.76 % C
0.78 % S
1.3 % N REFUSE (dry)
4% VCM (<
21 %FC
Ash
Therefore, refuse is with unburned coal
and coked coal
Required: % heat lost due to unburnt
combustible in refuse
Basis: 500 Kg coal
 25 oC

1.44 moisture AIR 10.8 % CO2

57.77 % FC 0.2 %CO
34.61 %VCM 9 % O2
6.18 % Ash 80. % N2
COAL FLUE GAS  Ash Balance
500 kg/hr FURNACE
400 oC
HV = 33.3 kJ/g 0.0618(500) = (1-0.04 – 0.21) R
78.76 % C R = 41.2 kg
0.78 % S
1.3 % N REFUSE (dry)
4% VCM Unburned coal (wet)
21 %FC
Ash = 0.04(41.2)(4.76 kg

Required: % heat lost due to unburnt

Coked coal
combustible in refuse = 0.21(41.2)
- 0.5777(4.76) = 5.90 kg
Basis: 1 hr operation
From literature, the heat of combustion of
carbon is -393.5 kJ/mole

HV carbon is 393.5 kJ/mole

 HV lost =

= x 100
= 2.11 %
Additional questions
◦ % heat loss due to CO in the stack gas
◦ % of the heating value required to vaporized the total water vapor formed
on combustion
◦ m3 of air used per minute for combustion
◦ m3 of gas entering the stack per minute
 25 oC
Let
1.44 moisture AIR 10.8 % CO2 A = kmol of air
57.77 % FC 0.2 %CO G = kmol of dry flue gas
34.61 %VCM 9 % O2
6.18 % Ash 80. % N2
COAL FLUE GAS
500 kg/h FURNACE
400 oC
HV = 33.3 kJ/g

78.76 % C
0.78 % S REFUSE (dry)
1.3 % N 4% VCM Coked coal = 5.90 kg
21 %FC Unburned coal = 4.76 kg
Ash
Additional Required:
% heat loss due to CO in the stack gas
% of the heating value required to vaporized the
total water vapor formed on combustion
m3 of air used per minute for combustion
m3 of gas entering the stack per minute
 25 oC
Let
1.44 moisture AIR 10.8 % CO2 A = kmol of air
57.77 % FC 0.2 %CO G = kmol of dry flue gas
34.61 %VCM 9 % O2
6.18 % Ash 80. % N2
COAL FLUE GAS
500 kg/h FURNACE C balance
400 oC
HV = 33.3 kJ/g
0.7876(500) = 5.9 + 0.7876(4.76) +
REFUSE (dry)
78.76 % C
4% VCM (0.108 + 0.002) G (12)
0.78 % S
21 %FC
1.3 % N
Ash G = 291 kmole
Coked coal = 5.90 kg
Unburned coal = 4.76 kg
Additional Required:
% heat loss due to CO in the stack gas
% of the heating value required to vaporized the
total water vapor formed on combustion
m3 of air used per minute for combustion
m3 of gas entering the stack per minute
 25 oC
Let
1.44 moisture AIR 10.8 % CO2 A = kmol of air
57.77 % FC 0.2 %CO G = kmol of dry flue gas
34.61 %VCM 9 % O2
6.18 % Ash 80. % N2
COAL FLUE GAS
500 kg/h FURNACE  Assuming sulfur burned as SO2 is included in
400 Co

HV = 33.3 kJ/g CO2 analysis

REFUSE (dry) C + S balance
78.76 % C
4% VCM
0.78 % S
21 %FC 0.7876(500)( + 0.0078(500)(= 5.9
1.3 % N
Ash
Coked coal = 5.90 kg + 0.7876(4.76)(
Unburned coal = 4.76 kg (
Additional Required: + (0.108 + 0.002) G
% heat loss due to CO in the stack gas
% of the heating value required to vaporized the G = 292 kmole (as compared to
total water vapor formed on combustion
m3 of air used per minute for combustion 291 neglecting
m3 of gas entering the stack per minute S)
 HV lost to CO in flue gas =

From literature, the heat of combustion of CO 

is – 283 kJ/mole
HV of CO = 283kJ/mo

 HV lost to CO in flue gas

= x 100
=1%
 25 oC 10.8 % CO2 Let
1.44 moisture AIR 0.2 %CO A = kmol of air
57.77 % FC 9 % O2
34.61 %VCM 80. % N2
6.18 % Ash G = 291 kmol of dry flue gas
COAL FLUE GAS
500 kg/h FURNACE  N2 balance
400 C o

HV = 33.3 kJ/g
0.013(500) + 0.79 A = 0.013(4.76)
REFUSE (dry)
78.76 % C 4% VCM
0.78 % S + (0.8)(291)
21 %FC
1.3 % N Ash
H
A = 294.4 kmole
Coked coal = 5.90 kg
O
Unburned coal = 4.76 kg If N in coal and refuse are neglected
A = 294.7 kmol
Additional Required:
% heat loss due to CO in the stack gas
% of the heating value required to vaporized the
total water vapor formed on combustion
m3 of air used per minute for combustion
m3 of gas entering the stack per minute
 25 oC 10.8 % CO2
1.44 moisture AIR 0.2 %CO
9 % O2 H2O
57.77 % FC A = 294.7 kmol
34.61 %VCM 80. % N2
6.18 % Ash G = 291 kmol of dry flue gas
COAL FLUE GAS
500 kg/h FURNACE
400 oC
HV = 33.3 kJ/g
Dulong Formula 
REFUSE (dry)
78.76 % C 4% VCM
HHV = 14,544 C + 62,028 (H – O/8) + 4050
0.78 % S 21 %FC
1.3 % N Ash
Net H Coked coal = 5.90 kg
Combined H2O
Unburned coal = 4.76 kg
33.3
  kJ/g (
net H = 0.0457
% net H = 4.57 %
% combined water = 100 – 78.76 – 0.78 – 4.57 = 14.59 %
 25 oC 10.8 % CO2
0.2 %CO
1.44 moisture AIR 9 % O2
Let x =kmol H2O from net H
57.77 % FC A = 294.7 kmol 80. % N2
34.61 %VCM
6.18 % Ash G = 291 kmol of dry flue gas
COAL FLUE GAS
500 kg/h FURNACE
400 oC
HV = 33.3 kJ/g
Option in getting net H
REFUSE (dry)
78.76 % C 4% VCM
0.78 % S 21 %FC
1.3 % N Ash
Net H Coked coal = 5.90 kg
Combined H2O
Unburned coal = 4.76 kg
O
  2 balance
0.21(294.7) = [0.108 + ½ (0.002) + 0.09](291) + (x)(1/2)
x = 7.96 kmol
g net H = 7.96 kmol (2) = 15.92 g
% net H = = 3.18 % (compared to 4.57 % using
Dulong Formula)
 25 oC 10.8 % CO2
1.44 moisture AIR 0.2 %CO
9 % O2 H2O
57.77 % FC A = 294.7 kmol
34.61 %VCM 80. % N2
6.18 % Ash G = 291 kmol of dry flue gas
COAL FLUE GAS
500 kg/h FURNACE
400 oC
HV = 33.3 kJ/g
 H2O in Flue gas = 0.0457(500)(
REFUSE (dry)
78.76 % C 4% VCM + 0.1459(500)
0.78 % S 21 %FC
1.3 % N Ash
- 0.0457(4.76) (
4.57 %Net H Coked coal = 5.90 kg - 0.1459(4.76)
14.59 % = 275.95kg
Combined H2O Unburned coal = 4.76 kg
 HV lost to vaporized H2O formed =

From literature, the latent heat of vaporization of

water is 40.65 kJ/mole

 HV lost to vaporized H2O formed

= x 100
= 3.74 %
 25 oC 10.8 % CO2
1.44 moisture AIR 0.2 %CO
9 % O2 H2O = 275.95 kg
57.77 % FC A = 294.7 kmol
34.61 %VCM 80. % N2
6.18 % Ash G = 291 kmol of dry flue gas
COAL FLUE GAS
500 kg/h FURNACE
400 oC
HV = 33.3 kJ/g
 PV = nRT
REFUSE (dry)
78.76 % C 4% VCM V =
0.78 % S 21 %FC
1.3 % N Ash
4.57 %Net H = 7210 m3
Coked coal = 5.90 kg
14.59 %
Combined H2O Unburned coal = 4.76 kg
Additional Required:
m3 of air used per minute for combustion
 25 oC 10.8 % CO2
1.44 moisture AIR 0.2 %CO
9 % O2 H2O = 275.95 kg
57.77 % FC A = 294.7 kmol
34.61 %VCM 80. % N2
6.18 % Ash G = 291 kmol of dry flue gas
COAL FLUE GAS
500 kg/h FURNACE
400 oC
HV = 33.3 kJ/g
 PV = nRT
REFUSE (dry)
78.76 % C 4% VCM V =
0.78 % S 21 %FC
1.3 % N Ash
4.57 %Net H = 7210 m3
Coked coal = 5.90 kg
14.59 %
Unburned coal = 4.76 kg /h
Combined H2O
Additional Required:  = 7210 = 120
m3 of air used per minute for combustion
 25 oC 10.8 % CO2
0.2 %CO
1.44 moisture AIR
9 % O2
57.77 % FC A = 294.7 kmol H2O = 275.95 kg
80. % N2
34.61 %VCM
6.18 % Ash G = 291 kmol of dry flue gas
COAL FLUE GAS
500 kg/h FURNACE
400 oC
HV = 33.3 kJ/g
 PV = nRT
REFUSE (dry)
78.76 % C 4% VCM V=
0.78 % S 21 %FC
1.3 % N Ash
4.57 %Net H = 282 m3 /min
Coked coal = 5.90 kg
14.59 %
Combined H2O Unburned coal = 4.76 kg
Additional Required:
m3 of gas entering the stack per minute