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2937. English Phonetics and Phonology.

2012-2013

Weeks 1/2.
Unit 1. Lecture 1.

Consonants
Overview
1. English consonants: The British English inventory
1.1. Plosives
1.2. Nasals
1.3. Non-sibilant Fricatives
1.4. Sibilant Fricatives and Affricates
1.5. Approximants
2. Summary and references
1.1. Plosives
• 6 plosive phonemes

— /p/ voiceless bilabial plosive


(e.g. pet /pet/, apply /əˈplaɪ/, cop /kɒp/)
— /b/ voiced bilabial plosive
(e.g. boot /buːt/, abbot /ˈæbət/, lab /læb/)
— /t/ voiceless alveolar plosive
(e.g. tooth /tu:θ/, letter /ˈletə/, seat /siːt/)
— /d/ voiced alveolar plosive
(e.g. down /daʊn/, addition /ə'dɪʃən/, found /faʊnd/)
1.1. Plosives
• 6 plosive phonemes (continued)

— /k/ voiceless velar plosive


(e.g. coop /kuːp/, locker /ˈlɒkə/, cheque /ʧek/)

— /g/ voiced velar plosive


(e.g. game /geɪm/, beggar /ˈbegə/), rag /ræg/)
1.2. Nasals
• 3 nasal consonants

— /m/ voiced bilabial nasal


(e.g. mum /mʌm/, comma /ˈkɒmə/, dumb /dʌm/)
— /n/ voiced alveolar nasal
(e.g. nut /nʌt/, annoy /əˈnɔɪ/, sign /saɪn/)
— /ŋ/ voiced velar nasal
(e.g. *word-initially, dinghy /ˈdɪŋi/, sing /sɪŋ/)
1.3. Non-sibilant Fricatives
• 5 non-sibilant (non-high-pitched) fricatives

— /θ/ voiceless dental fricative


(e.g. thing /θɪŋ/, Arthur /ˈɑ:θə/, cloth /klɒθ/)
— /ð/ voiced dental fricative
(e.g. this /ðɪs/, other /ˈʌðə/, smooth /smu:ð/)
— /f/ voiceless labio-dental fricative
(e.g. fetch /feʧ/, coffin /ˈkɒfɪn/, graph /grɑ:f/)
— /v/ voiced labio-dental fricative
(e.g. vest /vest/, Stephen /ˈsti:vn/, of /ɒv/)
1.3. Non-sibilant Fricatives
• 5 non-sibilant (non-high-pitched) fricatives (continued)

— /h/ voiceless glottal fricative


(e.g. who /huː/, ahead /əˈhed/, *word-finally)

1.4. Sibilant Fricatives/Affricates


• 4 sibilant (high-pitched) fricatives

— /s/ voiceless alveolar fricative


(e.g. say /seɪ/, lesson /ˈlesn/, palace /ˈpælɪs/)
— /z/ voiced alveolar fricative
(e.g. zoo /zu:/, exam /ɪgˈzæm/, please /pli:z/)
1.4. Sibilant Fricatives/Affricates
• 4 sibilant (high-pitched) fricatives (continued)
— /ʃ/ voiceless post-alveolar fricative
(e.g. shine /ʃaɪn/, action /ˈækʃn/, English /ˈɪŋglɪʃ/)
— /ʒ/ voiced post-alveolar fricative
(e.g. genre /ˈʒɑ:nrə/, treasure /ˈtreʒə/, beige /beɪʒ/)

• 2 sibilant (high-pitched) affricates


— /ʧ/ voiceless post-alveolar affricate
(e.g. chain /ʧeɪn/, culture /ˈkʌlʧə/, Dutch /ˈdʌʧ/)
— /ʤ/ voiced post-alveolar affricate
(e.g. jam /ʤæm/, fragile /ˈfræʤaɪl/, pledge /pleʤ/)
1.5. Approximants
• 4 approximant consonants

— /w/ voiced labial-velar approximant


(e.g. wet /wet/, away /əˈweɪ/, *word-finally)
“Semi-
— /j/ voiced palatal approximant vowels”
(e.g. yet /jet/, few /fjuː/, *word-finally)
— /r/ voiced post-alveolar approximant
(e.g. ray /reɪ/, sorry /ˈsɒri/, *word-finally) “Liquids”
— /l/ voiced alveolar (lateral) approximant
(e.g. leaf /liːf/, telly /ˈteli/, call /kɔːl/)
2. Summary and references
• Consonant Inventory:

6 plosives /p, b, t, d, k, g/
3 nasals /m, n, ŋ/
9 fricatives:
5 non-sibilants /θ, ð, f, v, h/
4 sibilants /s, z, ʃ, ʒ/
2 affricates (sibilant) /ʧ, ʤ/
4 approximants: /w, j, r, l/
2. Summary and references

Roach, P. 2001. English Phonetics & Phonology: A


Practical Coursebook. CUP.

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