Exhaust System

Exhaust system components:

 Catalytic Converter

 Muffler

 Resonator

 Tail pipe
Catalytic converter

 Came about in 1975.

 It converts harmfull pollutants into less harmful emissions .
The main emissions of a car
engine
1-Nitrogen gas (N2 )

ِAir is 78-percent nitrogen gas .

2- Carbon dioxide (CO2)

This is a product of combustion, the carbon in the fuel bonds

with the oxygen in the air.

3-Water vapor ( H2O)

This id a product of combustion , the hydrogen in the fuel

bonds with the oxygen in the air.
Catalytic converter are designed to
reduce all three

1- Carbon Monoxide (co)

Is a poisonous gas that is colorless and odorless.

2- Hydrocarbons or volatile organic compounds (Vocs)

Are major component of smog .

3- Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2 called Nox)

Are a contributor to smog and acid rain.

Catalytic converter structure

There are two different types of catalyst at work

1- a reduction catalyst .

2- and an oxidation catalyst .

Both types of aceramic structure coated with a metal catalyst

,usually platinum , rhodium and or palladium.
 How catalytic converter work
 A- The Reduction catalyst .

Is the first stage of the catalytic converter , it uses platinum and

rhodium to help reduce the nox emission.

 B-The oxidation catalyst

is the second stage of the catalytic converter. It reduces the

unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide.

 C- Control system (O2 sensor )

that monitors the exhaust stream, and uses this information to

control the fuel injection system .
The catalytic converter works
efficiently at a fairly high
temperature
We can reach this By :

 1- move the catalytic converter closer to the engine .

 2- preheating the catalytic converter .

Catalytic converter in diesel
engines
Do not work as well in reducing Nox.
 2- Muffler

Cancel out most of an engine’s noise .(sound wave).

Where Does the sound
come from ?
Pulses are created when an exhaust valve opens and a burst
of high – pressure gas suddenly enters the exhaust system.
How can you cancel out
sounds?
 If the first wave is at its maximum pressure , the
second wave is at its minimum .
If both of these waves hit your ear drum , you wouldnot
hear anything.
Inside a Muffler
Resonator
Common problems:

 1- corrosion… or more commonly known as Rust

 2- short trips .
 3- oxygen sensor wearing .
 4-The rust in the muffler .
 5- the catalytic converter will become clogged.
References :

 http://auto.howstuffworks.com/turbo.htm
 http://auto.howstuffworks.com/muffler.htm