Signals And Systems

EE-315

Lecture 2

Muhammad Asim Butt

asim.butt@umt.edu.pk
Surah Al-Hujurat

2
•Those who believe without
reason cannot be
convinced by reason.
• -James Randi, magician and skeptic
(b. 7 Aug 1928)
Lecture WE ARE HERE
Introduction , (Introduction to Complex Numbers
1 Reading assignment)

2 Classification of Signals;
3 Basic Operations on Signals

4 Elementary Signals

5 Interconnection of Systems; Properties of Systems

6 Properties continued

7-8 The Convolution Sum and its evaluation

9-10 Convolution Integral and its evaluation

11 LTI System Properties and Impulse Response/Step Response

12 LTI Systems as Differential and Difference Equations

13 Complex Sinusoids and Frequency Response

14 Fourier Representation of Four Classes of Signals

Lecture 3: Signals Concepts &
Properties

•Specific objectives for this lecture include

• Section 1.4
• Classification Of Signals
 1.4 Classification Of Signals

1. Continuous and Discrete-time signals

2. Even and Odd Signals

3. Periodic Signals and Non-periodic Signals

4. Deterministic Signals and Random Signals

5. Energy Signals and Power Signals

 Continuous & Discrete-Time Signals
• Continuous-Time Signals x(t)
• Independent variable e.g. time is
continuous (the scale is
infinitesimally fine)
t

• Most signals in the real world

are continuous time.
• Eg voltage, velocity,

• Denote by x(t), where the time

interval may be bounded (finite)
or infinite

This lecture has been prepared from different web resources. Muhammad Asim Butt
Continuous & Discrete Signals
• Discrete-Time Signals
• Independent variable is discrete x[n]

• Some real world and many digital

signals are discrete time, as they n
are sampled
• E.g. pixels, daily stock price
(anything that a digital computer
processes)
• Denote by x[n], where n is an
integer value that varies discretely

• Sampled continuous signal

• x[n] =x(nT)
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 Even Signals

• An even signal is identical to its time reversed signal, i.e. it can

be reflected in the origin and is equal to the original:
x(t )  x(t )
• Examples:
• x(t) = cos(t)
• x(t) = c
 Odd Signals
• An odd signal is identical to its negated, time reversed signal, i.e.
it is equal to the negative reflected signal
x(t )   x(t )
• Examples:
• x(t) = sin(t)
• x(t) = t

• This is important because any signal can be expressed as the

sum of an odd signal and an even signal.

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Even/Odd parts of a Signals

1
x e (t )   x(t )  x(t )
2
1
x o (t )   x(t )  x(t )
2
 Periodic Signals

• A continuous time periodic signal is a signal x(t), that has the

property x(t )  x(t  T )
2p

• where T>0, for all t.

• Examples:
• cos(t+2p) = cos(t)
• sin(t+2p) = sin(t)
• Are both periodic with period 2p

• NB for a signal to be periodic, the relationship must hold for all

t.
Deterministic Signals and Random Signals

• Signals that can be

modeled exactly by a
mathematical formula
are known as
deterministic signals.

• Deterministic signals are

not always adequate to
model real-world
situations.
Deterministic Signal
R(t) = mt+C
 Random signals
 Random signals
are also called
non deterministic
signals.
 Those signals
that take random
values at any
given time and
must be
characterized
statistically.

This lecture has been prepared from different web resources.

Muhammad Asim Butt
 Energy Signals and Power Signals
• It is often useful to characterise signals by measures such as
energy and power
• For example, the instantaneous power of a resistor is:
1 2
p (t )  v(t )i (t )  v (t )
R
• The total energy expanded over the interval [t1, t2] is:
t2 t2 1
t1  t1 R (t )dt
2
p (t ) dt v

• The average energy is:

1 t2 1 t2 1
  
2
p (t ) dt v (t )dt
t 2  t1 1 t t 2  t1 1 R
t

• How are these concepts defined for any continuous or discrete

time signal?
 Generic Signal Energy and Power
• Total energy of a continuous signal x(t) over [t1, t2] is:
t2
E   x(t ) dt
2
t1

• where |.| denote the magnitude of the (complex) number.

• Similarly for a discrete time signal x[n] over [n1, n2]:

E  n  n x[n]
n2 2
1

• By dividing the quantities by (t2-t1) and (n2-n1+1), respectively,

gives the average power, P

• Note that these are similar to the electrical analogies (voltage),

but they are different in both value and dimension.
 Energy and Power over Infinite
Time
• For many signals, we’re interested in examining the power and
energy over an infinite time interval (-∞, ∞). These quantities
are therefore defined by limits of above equations:
T 
E  lim T   x(t ) dt  
2 2
x(t ) dt
T 

E  lim N  n   N x[n]  n   x[n]

N 2  2

1 T

2
P  lim T  x(t ) dt
2T T

1

N 2
P  lim N  x[n]
2N 1 n N

• If the sums or integrals do not converge, the energy of such a

signal is infinite
Energy and Power over Infinite Time…

• Two important (sub)classes of signals

1. Finite total energy (and therefore zero average
power)
2. Finite average power (and therefore infinite
total energy)

• Signal analysis over infinite time, all depends on

the “tails” (limiting behaviour)
Lecture 3: Summary

• This lecture has looked at signals:

• Power and energy
– Periodic
– Even and odd signals

EE-2027 SaS, L2 27/25

Lecture 2: Exercises

•Problem 1.1 to problem 1.9

•Problem 1.42 to problem 1.49