CIRCULATORY (VASCULAR)

SYSTEM. GENERAL DATA.

STRUCTURAL PLAN OF THE
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
ANASTOMOSES. COLLATERAL BLOOD
CIRCULATION. ONTOGENESIS OF THE
CIRCULATORY (VASCULAR) SYSTEM.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
 WHAT MEANS CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM?

 SYSTEM COMPOSED OF VESSELS (BLOOD VESSELS AND

LYMPHATIC VESSELS)

 SYSTEM COMPOSED OF CENTRAL ORGAN – THE HEART

AND VESSELS FORMING CLOSED PASSAGEWAYS THROUGH
WHICH BLOOD CIRCULATE

 VESSELS CONDUCTING BLOOD FROM HEART TO THE

TISSUES ARE CALLED ARTERIES, AND VESSELS THAT
CONDUCT BLOOD FROM TISSUES BACK TO HEART ARE
CALLED VEINS.
THE SMALLEST ARTERIES ARE CALLED
ARTERIOLES, RESPECTIVELLY VENULES
THE MINUTE VESSLES TRANSMITING
BLOOD TROUGH A TISSUE ARE CALLED
BLOOD CAPILLARIES-ARISING DIRECTLY
FROM ARTERIOLES AND END TO VENULES
BLOOD CAPILLARY BED
HEART FUNCTIONS AS TWO PUMPS WORKING
SIDE BY SIDE

 ATRIUM AND VENTRICLE WORK TOGETHER AS AN ATRIO-

VENTRICULAR PUMP, FIRST RECEIVING BLOOD FROM VEINS
THAT OPEN DIRECTLY INTO THE ATRIUM

 SUPERIOR CAVA VEIN AND INFERIOR CAVA VEIN – IN RIGHT

ATRIUM – TROUGH TRICUSPIDAL VALVE- IN RIGHT
VENTRICLE- PULMONARY TRUNK- RIGHT SEMILUNAR
(PULMONAL) VALVE TO PULMONARY TRUNK- PULMONARY
CIRCULATION
 CIRCULATION OF BLOOD FLOW BETWEEN HEART AND
LUNGS, SURVES TO REPLENISH THE BLOOD OXYGEN SUPPLY
 THE FOURTH PULMONARY VEINS- LEFT ATRIUM- TROUGH
MITRAL VALVE-TO LEVT VENTRICLE- TROUGH LEFT
SEMILUNAR VALVE(AORTAL) VALVE- TO AORTA-
SYSTEMATIC CIRCULATION

 OXYGEN RICH BLOOD TO WHALL BODY- ARTERIES-

ARTERIOLES

 CIRCULATION OF BLOOD FLOW BETWEEN HEART AND ALL

THE REGIONS OF THE BODY, SURVES TO DELIVER
NUTRIENTS TO AND REMOVE METABOLIC WASTE
PRODUCTS FROM ALL THE TISSUES AND ORGANS
 TWO CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS: THE LARGER
SYSTEMATIC CIRCULATION AND THE SMALLER
PULMONARY CIRCULATION

 THE ARTERIAL PART OF CV SYSTEM IS COMPOSED ON TNE BASE OF

DIVERGENTION – THE CIRCULATION (SYSTEMIC OR PULMONARY)
BEGINS WITH MAIN VESSEL AORTA OR PULMONARY TRUNK

 DERIVATES OF THE MAIN VESSELS- ARTERIES FROM CONDUCTING

AND TRANSPORTING TYPE - ARTERIOLS – MICROCIRCULATION
PATHWAY

 VENOUS PART OF CV SYSTEM COMPOSED ON THE BASE OF

CONVRGENTION: VENULES – VEINS- INFERIOR AND SUPERIOR CAVA
VEINS
The synchronous pumping activities of
the heart (atrioventricular and semiliunar
valves) is described as single cycle so
called cardiac cycle. This cycle starts with
ventricular relaxation called diastole and
ends with ventricular contraction called
systole-0,8 seconds or 72 times per
minute.
The tricuspid and mitral valves close shut almost
simultaneously produsing immediately after the
closure vibrations in the ventricular walls and the
blood confined to the ventricular chambers. When
these vibrations reach the chest wall they
collectively form S1 ( first heart sound “the
lub”.)It is the same with pulmonary and aortic
valves. When the vibrations reach chest wall they
collectively produse second S2 heart sound “the
dup” sound of the heartbeat. At this time the
cardiac cycle begins anew
ARTERIAL PART OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
 THE BEGINNING AND FORMING OF ARTERIAL PART OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

 *PULMONARY TRUNK
 *AORTA

 WAY OF BRANCHING
 COLATERAL BRANCHES
 TERMINAL BRANCHES-BIFURCATION
WAY OF DEVIATION
 1.MONOTOMIC WAY- AXILARY ARTERY A. AXILLARIS
 2. MAGISTRAL WAY
 3.DEVIATION –INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY . ILIACA
INTERNA
 4.MIXED

 5.DIHOTOMIC WAY- A. CAROTIS COMMUNIS

 THE FORM, SIZE , LOCALIZATION AND
DIRECTION OF THE ARTERIES
THE SHAPE- CYLINDRICAL
SIZE
BIG ARTERIES – d – 3-4 mm
MIDDLE SIZE- d – 1-3 mm
SMALL ARTERIES - d < 1 mm
LOCALIZATION
IN BODY CAVITIES
UPON THE BONES
LIMBS – FLEXOR SITE
BLOOD VESSELS- NERVES FASCICLES
ANASTLOMOSES
 ARTERIAL ARCHES-LIMBS
 TRANSVERSE SITUETED COMBINING VESSELS- THE
BASE OF THE BRAIN
 FUSSION OF TWO BRANCHES IN ONE – VERTEBRAL
ARTERIES
ARTERIAL- VENOUS ANASTOMOSES
Anastomosis arteriovenosa, arteriolovenularis
Anastomosis arteriovenosa simplex
 ARTERIAL END– TUNICA INTIMA

- TUNICA MEDIA - SMC – TWO LAYERS

 VENOUS END- TUNICA INTIMA

- TUNICA MEDIA - MYOEPITHELIAL

CELLS
Anastomosis arteriovenosa
glomeruloformis
 OCLUSING ARTERIES- ENDOTHELIUM,SMC –
CIRCULAR, LONGITUDINAL, MEMBRANA ELASTICA
INTERNA
 LOCALIZATION
 VERTEBRAL COLUMN-PARALELLY WITH VERTEBRAL
COLUMN- AORTA AND INFERIOR CAVA VEIN
 RIBS-INTERCOSTAL ARTERIES AND VEINS
 LIMBS-A. BRACHIALIS, A. RADIALIS ET ULNARIS,A.
FEMORALIS , A. TIBIALIS ANTERIOR ET POSTERIOR
 ABDOMINAL CAVITY
 SUPERIOR PART-TR. COELIACUS, A. LIENALIS, A.
GASTRICA SIN.
 MIDDLE PART- A. MESENTERICA SUP., Aa. JEJUNALES
ET ILEI, A. COLICA DEXTRA ET SINISTRA
 INFERIOR PART-A. MESENTERICA INF.
MECHANISMS FOR BLOOD SUPPLY- MORE OR
LESS IN DEPENDANCE OF THE FUNCTION AND
METHABOLISM IN ORGANS

* INTIMAL PILLOWS, VALVES

 COLLATERAL BLOOD
CIRCULATION
АRTERIAL
UPPER LIMB
*SUPERIOR- A. CIRCUMFLEXA SCAPULAE  A. AXILLARIS ET A.
SUPRASCAPULARIS A.SUBCLAVIA

*MIDDLE-A. RECURENS RADIALIS- A.RADIALIS ET A. COLLATERALIS

RADIALIS –A.BRACHALIS;
 A.RECCURENS ULNARIS (A. ULNARIS)-A. COLLATERALIS ULNARIS SUP. ET
INF. (A. BRACHIALIS)

*INFERIOR-ARCUS PALMARIS SUPERFICIALIS ET PROFUNDA- A.

RADIALIS ET ULNARIS
LOWER LIMB

* SUPERIOR COLLATERAL CIRCULATION

* MIDDLE COLLATERAL CIRCULATION

* INFERIOR COLLATERAL CIRCULATION

 MICROCIRCULATION
ARTERIOLES-PRECAPILLARIES-CAPILLARIES-
POSTCAPILLARIES-COLLECTING VENULES
TERMINAL ARTERIOLES – d 30-50 µm –
COMPLETED LAYER OF SMC
CAPILLARIES
METARTERIOLES- SINGLE SMC
POSTCAPILARY VENULES – d 8-30 µm
THE WAY OF BLOOD
THROUGH CAPILLARIES-TRANSCAPILLARY WAY
THROUGH ARTERIO-VENULAR ANASTOMOSES-
JUXTA CAPILLARY WAY(ARTERIOLES-VENULES)
 VENOUS PART
SHAPE-CYLINDRICAL

SIZE- BIGEST THAN THE CORESPONDING

ARTERIES

LOCALIZATION- SUPERFICIAL VEINS- USEFUL

FOR VENEPUNCTION, VENESECTION, INFUSIONS

DEEP VEINS- PARALELLY WITH ARTERIES

ANASTOMOSES
VENOUS PLEXUSES- SUBMUCOSAL,
PARAORGANIC
LYMPH CIRCULATION
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: CENTRAL LYMPHATIC

ORGANS, PERIPHERY LYMPHATIC ORGANS
AND CONDUCTING LYMPH VESSELS
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Lymphatic system is composed of tissues, organs
that provode immunologic responses (thymus, the
spleen, lymph nodes, tonsilles and aggregates of
lymphatic tissue in the gastrointestinal and
respiratory tracts)and lymphatic vessels.

Lymphatic vessels drain exess interstitial fluid from

tissues, conduct the fluid to the base of the neck, and
there near the origins of the brachiocephalic veins
return the fluid to the circulating blood.
There are some exeptions –organs that
don`t have lymphatic capillaries for the
drainage of exess interstitial fluid :
central nervous system, bone marrow,
articular cartilage, epidermis ant the
cornea.
 EXTRAORGANIC VESSELS

* BIG MAGISTRAL ARTERIES ARE LOCALIZED IN

THORACIC, ABDOMINAL CAVITIES, NECK, LIMBS

* FORMED ARTERIO-VENULAR COMPLEXES,

ACOMPANAING BY LYMPH VESSELS AND
NERVES

* IN CORELATION WITH SKELETON

* BRANCHES TO ORGANS
 INTRAORGANIC VESSELS

* THE STRUCTURE IS DEFINDED BY THE

MORPHOLOGHY, FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
OF THE ORGAN

* ARTERIAL AND VENOUS WAYS ARE FORMED

EQUALLY - ONE AND SAME WAY

*IN PARENHYME ORGANS ARTERIES AND VEINS

ARE DEVIATED LIKE A TREE

*IN TUBE LIKE ORGANS FROM LONGITUDINAL

SITUATED VESSELS TRANSVERSE BRANCHES ARE
DEVIATED AND THEY SURROUND THE ORGAN
 DEVELOPMENT OF THE BLOOD VESSELS

3 –rd WEEK FROM MESENHIMAL CELLS IN

VITELINOUS SAC IN FRONT AND IN SITE OF
THE LAMINA PREHORDALIS.

ANGIOGENIC CELL LAYER:

ANGIOBLASTS- BLOOD VESSELS
HAEMOCYTOBLASTS- BLOOD CELLS
 PLACENTAL CIRCULATION

VASA ALANTOICA- CONNECT DORSAL AORTAE

WITH HORION VILLI AND DIFIRENTIATE AS-
UMBILICAL ARTERIES AND VEINS
RIGHT UMBILICAL VEIN OBLITERATES
LEFT UMBILICAL VEIN INPORT THE BLOOD
FROM PLACENTA TO LIVER AND CAVA
INFERIOR VEIN BY DUCTUS VENOSUS (ARANTII).
UMBILICAL ARTERIES ARE BRUNCHES OF
INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY AND EXPORT THE
BLOOD FROM FETUS TO PLACENTA
 FETAL CIRCULATION

BASIC ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS:

1.PULMONARY CIRCULATION DOES NOT
FUNCTUONATE
2.ATRIA ARE CONNECTED THROUGH foramen
ovale
3.RELATION BETWEEN aorta and tr. pulmonalis –
DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS BOTALLI
4.RELATION BETWEEN UMBILICAL VEIN AND
INFERIOR CAVA VEIN - DUCTUS VENOSUS
ARANTII

FETAL BLOOD SYSTEM IS CONNECTED WITH

PLACENTAL ONE
 BLOOD VESSELS SYSTEM OF
NEWBORN

BASIC ANATOMICAL CHARACTERS:

1.PULMONARY CIRCLE FUNCTIONATE

2.CLOSING OF foramen ovale
3.OBLITERATION OF ductus arteriosus and ductus
venosus.
THANKS!