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Presented by:
Sandeep Nagubandi
(06651A0477)
IV/IV ECE
ADAMS ENGINEERING COLLEGE
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‘ In this presentation we are going to study about:-
J Understand what is an embedded systems.
J List the various applications areas in which embedded
systems are used.
J Categorize embedded systems.
J Gain knowledge of architecture of an embedded
systems.
J Understand the requirements of embedded systems.
J Learn about the recent trends in embedded system
development.
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‘ §hey are Omni-present.
‘ §hough embedded systems have been around for many decades,
the last decade of the 20th century has been exciting
developments in this area.
‘ Embedded system are leading to the revolution of anywhere
anytime communication.
‘ Another innovation in the embedded system arena is in the
software development.
‘ Nearly 99% of the processors that are manufactured go into
these embedded systems.
‘ In short embedded systems are re-defining the information,
communication and entertainment technologies.
‘ It is not an exaggeration to say that we are lucky enough to be in
midst of such exciting developments.

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‘ Reliability.
‘ Performance.

‘ Power consumption.

‘ Cost.

‘ Size.

‘ Limited user interface.

‘ Software up gradation capability.

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‘ rased on functionality and performance
requirements ,embedded systems can be
categorized as:
J Stand-alone embedded systems.
J Real-time systems.

J Networked information appliances.

J Mobile devices.

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‘ Stand-alone systems work in stand-alone mode.
‘ §hey take inputs ,process them and produce the
desired outputs.
‘ Embedded systems used in process control,
automobiles, consumer electronics items etc. fall into
this category.
‘ Examples:
digital camera, microwave oven, etc,«.
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‘ Meeting the deadlines is the most important
requirement of real-time systems.
‘ i.e. real-time embedded systems have to complete a
specific task in a specific time period.
‘ Real-time systems are categorized as hard real-time
systems and soft real-time systems.
‘ In hard real-time systems, missing a dead line
may lead to catastrophe.
‘ In soft real-time systems ,meeting the deadline
is important.
‘ rut missing the deadline will not lead to a
catastrophe.
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‘ A networked process control system consists of a
number of embedded systems.
‘ All of them are connected as local area network.
‘ Each embedded system can send real-time data to
a central location.
‘ Where the entire process control system is
monitored.
‘ §he monitoring can be done using a web browser
such as the Internet Explorer.
 
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è Mobile devices such as mobile phones, PDAs,

smart phone etc. are a special category of
embedded systems.
è PDAs do many genertal-purpose tasks.
è §hey need to be designed just like the
´conventionalµ embedded systems.
è §he limitations of the mobile devices- memory
constrains, small size, lack of good interface.
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  Central Processing Unit.
  Memory.
  Clock Circuitry.
  Reset Circuitry.
  Chip Select.
  Input/output Devices.
  Communication Interfaces.
  Power Supply Unit.

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a) Architecture of Embedded Systems.

b) Categories of Embedded Systems.
c) Services Provided by an Operating System.

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rased on capabilities, O.S are divided into different categories.
§hey are:-

J Single-tasking OS versus Multi-tasking OS.

J Single-user OS versus Multi-user OS.
J Command ²driven OS versus GUI-based OS.
J Reliability.
J Multi-tasking with time constrains.
J Small footprint.
J Support diskless systems.
J Portability.
J Scalability.
J Support for standard API.
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‘ §ask scheduling.
‘ Context switching.
‘ Mutual exclusion.
‘ Inter task communication.
‘ Memory management.
‘ §imer services.
‘ Kernel.
‘ Device manager.
‘ Communication protocol software.
‘ Libraries.
‘ File system.
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‘ Non-real-time Embedded Operating Systems.
‘ Real-time Operating Systems.

‘ Mobile/Handheld Operating Systems.

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· §o create, suspend and delete tasks.
· §o do task scheduling for meeting real-time requirements.
· §o facilitate inter-task communication and synchronization
between tasks.
· §o initialize, increment and reset counters to keep track of
time.
· §o allocate and free memory.
· §o access the I/O devices.
· §o access the communication protocol stack.
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‘ Consumer appliances.
‘ Office automation.
‘ Industrial automation.
‘ Medical electronics.
‘ Computer networking.
‘ §elecommunications.
‘ Wireless technologies.
‘ Instrumentation.
‘ Security.
‘ Finance.
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‘ Processor Power.
‘ Memory.
‘ Operating Systems.
‘ Communication Interfaces and Networking
Capability.
‘ Programming Languages.
‘ Development §ools.
‘ Programmable Hardware.

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