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RELAŢIILOR INTERNAŢIONALE
Ce presupune activiatea de
teoretizare?....................................
...................
Teoria este influenţată de diverşi
factori……………………………
2. Concepţii despre teorie
[1] N. R. Richardson, “The study of International Relations in the United States”, in H.C.Dryer, L. Mangasarin, The
study of International Relations, New York, 1989, pp. 281-295.
Curente si scoli in Teoria RI
• 1. Ce este TRI?
• A. Realism:
• a) Classical Realism - Henry Kissinger (The World Order, Penguin, 2014)
• b) Neorealism - Kenneth Waltz, Theorie of International Politics (1979) - the most stable arrangement is
bipolarity, or a balance between two powers
• - Neo-realism ofensiv – John Mersheimer, The Tragendy of the Great Power, 2001: Great
Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities, Kindle Edition, 2018 (John Mearsheimer la Oradea)
• - Neo-realism defensiv Stephan Walt (theory balance of threats –BoT) , The origins of alliances,
1987; The Hell of Good Intentions: America's Foreign Policy Elite and the Decline of U.S. Primacy, 2018
•
• c) Realist Constructivism –John Samuel Barkin, Realist Constructivism: Rethinking International
Relations Theory, Cambridge University Press, 2010
•
• d) Neoclassical realism
• Fareed Zakaria, The Post-American World, W.W. Norton & Company, 2008
•
•
Curente si scoli in Teoria RI
5. Curente Post-Cold War (dupa 1990) (II)
B. Liberale
a) Neoliberal) Institutionalism –
• Robert O Kheoane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, 1984
• Robert O Kheoane, International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relation
Theory - (1989) - "rules, norms, principles and decision-making procedures“
• Joseph S. Nye Jr, Is Amarican Century Over?, John Wiley & Sons, 2015
• b)Neoinstitutionalism liberal
• John. G. Ikkenburry -pune accentul foarte mult pe institutii si noreme internationale: After Victory:
Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major War. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 2001; Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American
World Order, Princeton University Press , 2011;
• A World Safe for Democracy: Liberal Internationalism and the Crises of Global Order, 2020
• C) Interguvernamentalism liberal –
• Andrew Moravcsik – da ca exemplu modul de functionare a UE: The Choise for Europe. Social
Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht, 1998
•
Curente si scoli in Teoria RI
• 5. Curente Post-Cold War (dupa 1990) (III)
C. Non-traditionale
a) Constructivism
- Constructivism sees the world, and what we can know about the world, as socially
constructed;
-Constructivists argue that states can have multiple identities that are socially constructed
through interaction with other actors
- Social norms are also central to constructivism.
- 2 varities of constructivsm: Conventional Constructivism and Critical Constructvism
Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge University Press, 1999
Peter J. Katzenstein, The Culture of National Security , 1997; Protean Power: Exploring the
Uncertain and Unexpected in World Politics (Cambridge University Press, 2018)
Curente si scoli in Teoria RI
• 5. Curente Post-Cold War (dupa 1990) (III)
C. Non-traditionale
b) Teorii ale regionalizarii (lumea evolueaza catre mari regiuni) (dupa 2000)
• Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, Regions and Powers. Structure of International Security,
Cambridge University Press, 2003
• Peter J. Katzenstein, A World of Regions: Asia and Europe in the American Imperium,
Cornell University Press, ed. I 2005, ed. II 2015
• E. Turkey
• - Civilisationism (neo-otomanism)
- Ahmet Davutdoglu, Neo-Osmanlıcı değil Pan-İslamist, 2014
- Liberalism Regional
Selcuk Colakoglu, Turkey in Asia: the scope of Ankara’s opening to East Asia, Ankara, 2020
Concluzii
• 1. Dinamica Relatiilor Internationale a influentat evolutia Teoriei RI
• A) De la Pacea Westfalica (1648) si pana la finalul Primului Razboi Mondial (1919) –
• Curentul dominant a fost Groccianismul – care vedea lumea dominta de ordine - .
Groccianismul era pigmentat cu reflectii mai ales kantienne care schitau o lume dominata
de cooperare in secolul XIX, dar si cu accente Hobbsiene, prilejuite de razboiale din Europa
secolului XVIII-XIX
• B) Odata cu Primul Razboi Mondial si mai ales urmare a celui de al doilea isi fac loc
teoriile contemporane clasice (realismul si liberalismul).
• - Realismul va prelua traditia Grocciana si o va pigmenta cu accente Hobbsiene (in anii
1947-1965)
• - Liberalismul va dezvolta traditia Kantiana si o va pigmenta cu traditia Grocciana in
diverse variante ale organizarii societatii supranationale (functionalism, neofunctionalism,
institutionalism liberal, federalism).
• C. Apropierea Sfarsitului Razboiului Rece produce explozie in tandemnul realism-
liberalism avand in vedere schimbarile in raporturile din lumea bi-polara (SUA-URSS)
• a) curentele clasice (realism – liberalism) vor fi nuantate prin amestecuri doctrinare
(apare neorealismul si neoliberalismul)
• b) curentele clasice vor fi influentate de curentul neo-marxismului (Wallerstein, Prebish)
•
Conluzii
• Dinamica Relatiilor Internationale a influentat evolutia Teoriei RI
• D. Dupa Sfarsitul Razbiului (dupa 1990), odata cu intrarea intr-o noua ordine mondiala,
unipolara) Teoria RI va capata noi valente:
• a) timida revenire la realismul clasic, insa unul adaptat realitatilor sfarsitului secolului XX (Henry
Kissinger)
• b) neorealismul se pozitioneza in doua directii (ofensiv, prin John Mearsheimer si defensiv - St.
Walt)
• c) neoliberalismul si variantele sale intra intr-o zona a criticismului, revenind sub administratiile
Clinton si Obama.
• d) Constructivismul apare ca un curent al pacii intre realism si liberalim, ca solutie la situatia
internationala Post Cold War.
• E. Afirmarea puterilor emergente (China, Rusia, Brasilia, India si Africa de Sud), dupa 2005
produce mutatii in Teoria RI:
• a) autorii neorealisti anunta primii sfarsitul Ordinii Mondiale Post-Cold War si intrarea intr-o logica a
confrintarii
• b) neoliberalii continua sa promoveze ideea unei ordini mondiale multilaterale insa cu SUA ca pivot
• C) autorii din statele emergente afirma tot mai puternic necesitatea unei ordini multipolare (Russia,
China, India)
•
Concluzii
• 1. Dinamica Relatiilor Internationale a influentat evolutia Teoriei RI
• F. Teoria RI despre Ordinea Globala 2 (dupa 2015)
• a) teoreticienii realismului sustin sfarsitul ordinii globale Post-Cold War bazate pe valorile
liberalismului si neceisatea unei ordini globale bazate pe viziunea realista (balanta puterilor)
• b) teoreticienii liberali vad si ei sfasitul ordinii globale Post-Cold War insa urmata de
dezordine si anarhie
• c) teoreticienii din spatiile emergente vad colapsul ordinii Post-Cold War, insa afirma
nevoia unei ordinii mondiale bazate pe echilibrul puterilor , in care dominante sunt interesele
si aranjamentele ideologice.
• G. Teoria RI este luata prin surprindere de socul provocat de Covid -19
• - Raspunurile nu sunt concludente ( avem luari de pozitii) – vezi
https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/20/world-order-after-coroanvirus-pandemic/