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a
 
These Archebacteria are
anaerobes. They make
methane (natural gas) as
a waste product. They are
found in swamp
sediments, sewage, and
in buried landfills. In the
future, they could be
used to produce methane
as a byproduct of sewage
treatment or landfill
operation.
= 
 
These are salt-loving Archaebacteria that grow in
places like the Great Salt Lake of Utah or salt ponds
on the edge of San Francisco Bay. Large numbers of
certain halophiles can turn these waters a dark pink.
Pink halophiles contain a pigment very similar to the
rhodopsin in the human retina. They use this visual
pigment for a type of photosynthesis that does not
produce oxygen. Halophiles are aerobes, however,
and perform aerobic respiration.
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2  
 
These are Archaebacteria from hot springs and other
high temperature environments. Some can grow
above the boiling temperature of water. They are
anaerobes, performing anaerobic respiration.
Thermophiles are interesting because they contain
genes for heat-stable enzymes that may be of great
value in industry and medicine. An example is taq
polymerase, the gene for which was isolated from a
collection of 2   

  in a Yellowstone Park
hot spring. Taq polymerase is used to make large
numbers of copies of DNA sequences in a DNA
sample. It is invaluable to medicine, biotechnology,
and biological research. Annual sales of taq
polymerase are roughly half a billion dollars.
v 
 
È Bacteria are prokaryotic and unicellular.

È Bacteria have cell walls, contain peptidoglycan, not

cellulose

È Bacteria have circular DNA called ˜  



È Bacteria can be anaerobes or aerobes.

È Bacteria are heterotrophs or autotrophs.

 Struktur dasar sel bakteri

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Bacterial Structures
 M 
 
 

 M 
 
È VNA sequences and structure
È type of nutrition
È ability to produce endospores- resistant structures
with cytoplasm and DNA
È method of movement
È shape, and the way the cells are grouped
È composition of cell wall and it͛s ability to absorb stain
   M 
 

È are found almost everywhere
È are often pathogenic (they make us sick!)
È are divided into groups according to:
 their shape
 grouping
 cell wall
 ability to absorb stains
È Bacteria can be autotrophs or hetertrophs.

È Those that are classified as autotrophs are

either photosynthetic, obtaining energy from
sunlight or chemosynthetic, breaking down
inorganic substances for energy .
È Bacteria classified as
heterotrophs derive energy
from breaking down
complex organic
compounds in the
environment. This includes
˜ , 
 

 

   

 
, as well
as those that live as
parasites, absorbing
nutrients from living
organisms.
 Úxygen Preferences
È obligate aerobes must have oxygen
È obligate anaerobes cannot live in
oxygen
È facultative anaerobes can grow with
or without oxygen
È Depending on the
species, bacteria can be
 
which means
they require oxygen to
live
or

È  
which means

oxygen is deadly to
them.
Green patches are green sulfur
bacteria. The rust patches are
colonies of purple non sulfur
bacteria. The red patches are purple
sulfur bacteria.
Shapes of Bacteria
÷ 
 ˜
 


  
 

˜
 Moccus

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 Bacillus

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 Gram Stain
È A staining method to differentiate
bacteria

È Gram-negative refers to the inability to

retain the deep violet dye

È Gram-positive refers to the ability to

retain the deep violet dye
È The   , which divides most clinically
significant bacteria into two main groups, is
the first step in bacterial identification.

È Bacteria stained purple are Gram + - their cell

walls have thick petidoglycan and teichoic
acid.

È Bacteria stained pink are Gram ʹ their cell

walls have have thin peptidoglycan and
lipopolysaccharides with no teichoic acid.
Gram-positive bacteria, the purple crystal violet stain is
trapped by the layer of peptidoglycan   
 

 
 Gram-negative bacteria, the outer
membrane of lipopolysaccharides prevents the stain from
reaching the peptidoglycan layer 



 




pink safranin

counterstain 






  
Gram Staining


   
!   
Is this gram stain positive or negative?
Identify the bacteria.




 





 Bacteria Photos

M

 

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 Bacteria Photos

v

 

 
 Bacteria Photos

  
  

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 Bacteria Photos

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È Bacteria can reproduce sexually by conjugation or
asexually by binary fission.
 Asexual Veproduction
È    ʹ cells grow in size the split in two͙.
Genetically identical
Sexual Veproduction (exchanging DNA) M   

È  
    

˜  
|
F-Pilus for Monjugation
    
DNA is taken in by a bacterium, and then used.
  

 
DNA is transferred to a bacterium by a
virus.
 vndospore
È Bacteria can survive
unfavorable conditions
by producing an
endospore.
 vndospores
È When
environmental
factors become
harsh bacteria
will either die or
form endospores.
È If bacteria have
time, if the
environmental
changes are slow
enough, they
usually form
endospores.
vxamples of Symbiotic Velationships
È Mutualism ʹ v. coli in the intestines of
mammals aid in digestion.

È Parasitism ʹ some bacteria are parasites. They

live in a host and eventually overpopulate. As
they do they use the host͛s food and water,
and eventually they starve the tissues.
 Beneficial Uses/vffects
È chemical recyclers (Nitrogen Mycle)
È the production of HGH, Insulin, vtc.,
through Genetic vngineering
È oil spill cleanup
È synthesis of Vitamins in your
intestines
È Bacteria are often
maligned as the causes
of human and animal
disease. However,
certain bacteria, the
actinomycetes, produce
antibiotics such as
streptomycin and
nocardicin.
 Bacterial Diseases
È Anthrax
È Botulism
È Lyme Disease
È Salmonella
È Tetanus
È Tooth decay
È Tuberculosis
Strep Throat
ð˜
 
È Úther Bacteria live symbiotically in the guts of
animals or elsewhere in their bodies.

È For example, bacteria in your gut produce

vitamin K which is essential to blood clot
formation.
È Still other Bacteria live
on the roots of certain
plants, converting
nitrogen into a usable
form.
È Bacteria put the tang in
yogurt and the sour in
sourdough bread.

È Saprobes help to break

down dead organic
matter.

È Bacteria make up the

base of the food web in
many environments.
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 Myanobacteria
È are photosynthetic autotrophs that
produce carbohydrates and oxygen
È tend to cling together in chains or
colonies
È contain enzymes that allow them to
͞fix͟ atmospheric nitrogen
M



This is a group of bacteria that
includes some that are single
cells and some that are chains
of cells. You may have seen
them as "green slime" in your
aquarium or in a pond.

Myanobacteria can do "modern

photosynthesis", which is the
kind that makes oxygen from
water. All plants do this kind of
photosynthesis and inherited
the ability from the
cyanobacteria.
Myanobacteria were the first organisms on Earth to
do modern photosynthesis and they made the first
oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere
atmosphere
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