Chapter 3

Artificial intelligence

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 What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
 AI is composed of two words- Artificial and Intelligence
 Artificial- man-made &

 Intelligence- thinking power or the ability to learn and solve problems”

 Artificial-intelligence- man-made thinking power

 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer science by which we can

create intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like humans,
and able to make decisions.
 Intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge.

 Knowledge is the information acquired through experience.

 Experience is the knowledge gained through exposure (training).

 Summing the terms up, we get artificial intelligence as the “copy of something
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natural(i.e., human beings)
 Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can has human-based skills such
as learning, reasoning, and solving problems with Artificial Intelligence you do
not need to preprogram a machine to do some work, despite that you can create
a machine with programmed algorithms which can work with own intelligence.
• It is wide-ranging branch of computer science concerned with building smart
machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence.
 Intelligence is composed of:
 Learning
 Reasoning
 Problem Solving
 Perception
 Linguistic Intelligence

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 An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment. An agent (e.g.,
human or robot) is anything that can perceive its environment through sensors
and acts upon that environment through effectors. Intelligent agents must be
able to set goals and achieve them.
 High-profile examples of AI include
 autonomous vehicles (such as drones and self-driving cars),
 medical diagnosis, creating art (such as poetry),
 proving mathematical theorems,
 playing games (such as Chess or Go),
 search engines (such as Google search),
 online assistants (such as Siri),
 prediction of judicial decisions
 online advertisements.
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 NEED OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with the capability to learn,
demonstrate, explain and advice its users.
 Helping machines to find solutions to complex problems like humans do and
applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly manner.
Main goals of Artificial Intelligence
 Replicate human intelligence
 Solve Knowledge intensive tasks

 An intelligent connection of perception and action

 Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence like:-
 Proving a theorem, Playing chess , Plan some surgical operation, Driving a car in traffic
 Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior
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 What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
 To make a machine learn and make a decision like humans do, AI requires the knowledge of
some disciplines.
 To create the AI-first we should know that how intelligence is composed, so intelligence is an
intangible part of our brain which is a combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving,
perception, language understanding, etc.
 To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence requires the
following disciplines:
 Mathematics
 Biology
 Psychology
 Sociology
 Computer Science
 Neurons Study
 Statistics
 Statistics
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Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
 Main advantages are:-
 High Accuracy with fewer errors
 High-Speed
 High reliability: can perform the same action multiple times with high accuracy
 Useful for risky areas: helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb
 Digital Assistant e.g. chatbot
 Useful as a public utility e.g. search engine, google translate etc
 Faster decision

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 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

One of the key features that distinguishes us, humans, from everything else in
the world is intelligence.
 High Cost: hardware and software requirement
 Can't think out of the box: work for which they are trained, or programmed
 No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer
 Increase dependence on machines: people are getting more dependent on devices
 No Original Creativity: cannot be creative and imaginative

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 TYPES OF AI
 based on capabilities and based on functionally of AI,

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A. BASED ON CAPABILITIES
 Weak AI or Narrow AI
 perform a dedicated task with intelligence
 cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one specific
task.
 General AI:
 could perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a human
 could be smarter and think like a human on its own
 Currently, there is no such system exists which; It may arrive within the next 20 or
so years
 The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines

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 Super AI:
 machines could surpass human intelligence, and can perform any task better than a
human
 Will have the ability to think, to reason, make judgments, plan, learn, and
communicate on its own.
 Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. The development of
such systems in real is still a world-changing task.

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B. BASED ON THE FUNCTIONALITY
 Reactive Machines
 most basic types of Artificial Intelligence
 do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
 Examples: IBM's Deep Blue system, Google's AlphaGo

 Limited Memory
 store past experiences or some data for a short period of time
 best example: Self-driving cars

 Theory of Mind
 should understand human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to
 interact socially like humans
 still not developed, but researchers are making lots of efforts

 Self-Awareness
 is the future of Artificial Intelligence.
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 will be smarter than the human mind.
 does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept
APPLICATIONS OF AI
 In agriculture: robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis.
 In Healthcare : to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans

 In education: can communicate with students as a teaching assistant

 In Finance and E-commerce: becoming more demanding in the e-commerce business
 In Gaming: can play strategic games like chess
 In Data Security: can be used to make your data more safe and secure
 In Social Media: Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user profiles
 In Travel &Transport
 In the Automotive Industry
 In Robotics
 In Entertainment
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End of chapter three
assignment

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