The Cell Theory

 Further observations in the 1800’s by

Schleiden and Schwann

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http://members.tripod.com/blustein/Schwann_Cells/schwann_cells.htm
 Pengertian Sel
 Sel merupakan satuan struktural dan
fungsional terkecil dari makhluk hidup.
 Sel melakukan semua proses kehidupan.
 Penemuan Pertama Sel
 Robert Hooke, ilmuwan
Ingris(1665)  sel
gabus dalam buku
Micrographia
 Anton van
Leeuwenhoek, 1674
(pembuat lensa dari
Belanda)  sel hidup
dalam air
 Penemu Sel
 Mathias Schleiden (ahli tumbuhan dari
Jerman), 1838  semua tanaman terdiri
atas sel
 Theodor Schwann (zoologis dari Jerman),
1839  sel merupakan unit struktur terkecil
dari makhluk hidup
 Rudolp Virchow (Jerman), 1855  sel
berasal dari sel yang sudah ada (TEORI SEL)
 Teori Sel
Teori Sel menyatakan bahwa :
 Semua makhluk hidup tersusun atas satu
atau lebih sel
 Sel merupakan satuan struktural terkecil dari
makhluk hidup, sel melakukan semua proses
kehidupan
 Sel berasal dari sel yang lain
 What are cells?
 Fundamental, replicating units of living
organisms.
 Machines with complex regulation and
behaviors; based on networks of chemical
reactions called pathways.
 They carry the information needed to
reproduce themselves.
 All cells based on molecules of a limited
number of classes
 DNA
 RNA
 Proteins
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 “etcetera” (Lipids, Carbohydrates,
Fatchiyah, Ph.D. JB UB
Metabolites)
 Cell structure and function

The components of a cell

The cell membrane: how materials get into
and out of the cell
Are all cells the same?
The life and death of a cell

03/26/21 Fatchiyah, Ph.D. JB UB

 Trillions of cells in the human body

All have DNA, organelles and membranes

Cells are very different in size, shape and

activity- and how they are arranged
in tissues

Do cells mimic organ systems, or do organ

systems mimic cells?

03/26/21 Fatchiyah, Ph.D. JB UB

 Bacterial cell

Plant cells

Animal cells

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 Observe the “composite cell” (no cell looks
like this)

Cells are capable of:

reproducing themselves
synthesizing the organelles they need
metabolism
eliminating waste materials
regulating movement of materials into
and out of themselves

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 What is so special about the cell membrane?

Cell is in an aqueous environment

phospholipid membrane provides a
“selectively permeable” barrier

Water and carbon dioxide move easily

Water-soluble molecules do not

How DO these molecules get through the
membrane?

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 Membrane-bound proteins

Transport proteins or channels for water-

soluble molecules

“Signal transduction”- cell receives a signal

and responds to it

Adhesion molecules

Each type of protein has a specific function

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 Structure and function of organelles

I. Protein synthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough- site of protein synthesis and
processing
Smooth- lipid metabolism and detoxification

Ribosomes- site of the initial steps of protein

synthesis

Golgi apparatus- the “UPS” of the cell

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 II. Metabolism
mitochondria- where most ATP is made
mitochondria have their own DNA and
ribosomes
some cells have more than others

III. The by-products of metabolism

lysosomes contain enzymes that break
down large molecules, recycle old
organelles

peroxisomes- specialized for detoxification

in liver and kidney cells
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 IV. Cytoskeleton- support and movement of
the cell

Microfilaments- (actin, myosin) involved in

cell division, cell movement
arrangement is significant in muscle cells

Microtubules (tubulin)
found in centrioles, flagella, cilia

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 The nucleus and its contents

Contains chromatin (material that makes up

chromosomes)

Nucleoli- ribosome synthesis

Specialized nuclear membrane:

double membrane with nuclear pores

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 Features of the cell membrane

Semi-permeable
remember: membrane is phospholipid
bilayer, with embedded and peripheral
proteins

Movement of materials across membrane is

regulated:
size of molecule
solubility in water or lipid
concentration gradient

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 What is a concentration gradient?

Molecules move spontaneously, from areas

where they are highly concentrated to
where they are less concentrated

Equilibrium: molecules are uniformly distributed

Molecules tend to seek equilibrium, i.e., diffuse

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 Diffusion across a cell membrane occurs if:

There is a concentration gradient (more of the

substance on one side of the membrane
than the other)

The membrane is permeable to the substance

No energy is required for diffusion

Examples: oxygen and carbon dioxide

why can they diffuse through the membrane?

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 Facilitated diffusion
The membrane is not permeable to all
molecules

Ion channels
Specialized pores
Carrier molecules

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 Osmosis- diffusion of water

Water will move through membrane when

solutes cannot

So cell might take on water, or lose water, if

it is in a solution that is not isotonic

Water will move down the concentration

gradient

Processes allow for filtration of body fluids

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 Diffusion and osmosis do not require energy

Active transport: substances are moved from

area of low concentration to high

Examples: sugars, amino acids, various ions

ATP is required
release of energy
change in shape of transport protein

Endocytosis, exocytosis

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 The cell cycle
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 Cell cycle is carefully controlled

Cells can divide a limited number of times

(Hayflick limit)

Proto-oncogenes
Tumor suppressors: genes that control the cell
cycle

If these genes are damaged cancer (tumors)

may result

Cell death (apoptosis) is also regulated

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 We all started out as one cell!

How do we develop so many different kinds of

cells?

How does cell differentiation occur?

hormones, growth factors, etc.

What are stem cells?

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 Summary

All living things are composed of one or more

cells

Eukaryotic cells contain organelles that have

specialized functions

Membranes (and physical laws) regulate the

movement of materials into and out of
cells

Grwoth and differentiation of cells is carefully

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regulated Fatchiyah, Ph.D. JB UB