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Heat Section 1

Preview

Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium

Section 2 Defining Heat

Section 3 Changes in Temperature and Phase


Heat Section 1

Now what do you think?

• Suppose you have two cups of water. One is hot


and the other is cold.
– How is the cold water different from the hot water?
• Describe the motion of the molecules in each.
– What changes would occur if the hot water was
changed into steam?
• What are the common scales used to measure
temperature?
– When is each scale generally used?
– All scales use degrees to measure temperature.
Which scale has the largest degrees? Explain.
Heat Section 1

Temperature is proportional to the KE of atoms and


molecules.
• Temperature measures the average kinetic
energy of the particles.
– Average speed is used because all particles do not
have the same speed, and speeds change as the
particles collide.
• Internal energy is the energy a substance has
due to the motion of the particles (kinetic
energy) and the position of the particles
(potential energy).
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Different types of energy.


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Forms of Internal Energy

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept
Heat Section 1

Temperature
• Do thermometers change the temperature of the
substance being measured?
– If so, how?
– How can you minimize the problem?
• Temperature must be measured when thermal
equilibrium is reached.
• Always read a thermometer after it has stopped
rising or falling.
– At this point, equilibrium has been reached between
the thermometer and the substance.
Heat Section 1

Thermometers

• The expansion of mercury changes the reading in this


thermometer.
• How does such a small change in the volume of the
mercury (see circled segments) result in such a large
rise inside the thermometer?
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Thermal Expansion

MATTER EXPAND as its temperature increases.


All matter expands at high temperature except water
It s volume decreases when its temperature increases .
The same a
mount of Visual Concept
Water
when its temp.decreases become ice with higher volume.
Heat Section 1

Thermometers
• Calibration depends on fixed temperatures.
• Three common temperature scales used:
– Fahrenheit for weather and medicine (U.S.)
– Celsius for work in science
– Kelvin or absolute for many scientific laws
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Comparison of Temperature Scales


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The Absolute Temperature Scale


• What is meant by absolute
zero?
– Absolute zero = 0 K
• Suppose the pressure and
temperature of a gas are
plotted as shown, and the
graph is extrapolated to 0 K.
What does this suggest
about P at absolute zero
(-273.15°C or 0 K)?
– P = 0 at absolute zero
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Temperature Conversions
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Classroom Practice Problems


• One day it was -40°C at the top of Mont Blanc
and -40°F at the top of Mount Whitney. Which
place was colder?
– Answer: Neither (-40°C = -40°F)
• What is the Fahrenheit temperature equivalent
to absolute zero?
– Answer: -459.67°F
• What is the Celsius temperature on a hot
summer day when the temperature is 100. °F?
– Answer: 37.8°C

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