Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
studies
Presenter:
Ugyen Dorji
Master’s student
Kumamoto University, Japan
Course Supervisor:
Dr. Adel A. Elbaset
Minia University, Egypt.
Outline
Introduction
Methodology
Classical methods
Gauss-Seidal method
Newton Raphson method
Fast Decoupled method
Other methods
Fuzzy Logic application
Genetic Algorithm application
Particle swarm method (PS0)
Load/Power Flow studies
Load-flow studies are performed to determine the steady-state operation
of an electric power system. It calculates the voltage drop on each feeder,
the voltage at each bus, and the power flow in all branch and feeder
circuits.
Determine if system voltages remain within specified limits under various
contingency conditions, and whether equipment such as transformers and
conductors are overloaded.
Load-flow studies are often used to identify the need for additional
generation, capacitive, or inductive VAR support, or the placement of
capacitors and/or reactors to maintain system voltages within specified
limits.
Losses in each branch and total system power losses are also calculated.
Necessary for planning, economic scheduling, and control of an existing
system as well as planning its future expansion
Pulse of the system
Power Flow Equation
(1)
(2)
Equation (5) is an algebraic non linear equation which must be solved by iterative
techniques
Gauss-Seidel method
Equation (5) is solved for Vi solved iteratively
Once a solution is converged, the net real and reactive powers at the slack bus are
computed from Eqns.10 & 11.
Line flows and Line losses
The complex power Sij from bus i to j and Sji from bus j to i are
Newton Raphson Method
Power flow equations formulated in polar form. For the system
in Fig.1, Eqn.2 can be written in terms of bus admittance matrix
as
Expanding Eqns. 23 & 24 in Taylor's series about the initial estimate neglecting
h.o.t. we get
The Jacobian matrix gives the linearized relationship between small changes in Δδi(k) and
voltage magnitude Δ[Vik] with the small changes in real and reactive power ΔPi(k) and ΔQi(k)
Similarly we can find the diagonal and off-diagonal elements of J2,J3 and J4
The terms ΔPi(k) and ΔQi(k) are the difference between the scheduled and
calculated values, known as the power residuals.
Procedures:
1. For Load buses (P,Q specified), flat voltage start. For voltage controlled buses
(P,V specified),δ set equal to 0.
2. For Load buses, Pi(k) and Qi(k) are calculated from Eqns.23 & 24 and ΔPi(k) and
ΔQi(k) are calculated from Eqns. 29 & 30.
3. For voltage controlled buses, and Pi(k) and ΔPi(k) are calculated from Eqns. 23 &
29 respectively.
4. The elements of the Jacobian matrix are calculated.
5. The linear simultaneous equation 26 is solved directly by optimally ordered
triangle factorization and Gaussian elimination.
6. The new voltage magnitudes and phase angles are computed from (31) and
(32).
7. The process is continued until the residuals ΔPi(k) and ΔQi(k) are less than the
specified accuracy i.e.
Replacing the first term of the (37) with –Qi from (28)
In equation (28) assuming θii-δi+δj ≈ θii, the off diagonal elements of J1 becomes
With these assumptions, equations (35) & (36) can be written in the
following form
B’ and B’’ are the imaginary part of the bus admittance matrix
Ybus. Since the elements of the matrix are constant, need to be
triangularized and inverted only once at the beginning of the
iteration.
Other Methods
Repetitive solution of a large set of linear equations in
LF- time consuming in simulations
Large number of calculations on the Jacobian matrix.
Jacobian of load flow equation tends to be singular under
heavy loading.
Ill conditioned Jacobian matrix
Doesn’t require the formation of the Jacobian matrix
Insensitive to the initial settings of the solution variables
Ability to find multiple load-flow solutions.
Fuzzy Logic application
Repetitive solution of a large set of linear equations in the load flow
problem is one of the most time consuming parts of power system
simulations.
Large number of calculations need on account of factorisation,
refactorization and computations of Jacobian matrix.
Fundamentally FL is implemented in a fast decoupled load flow (FDLF)
problem.
FLF algorithm is based on FDLF equation but the repeated update of the state vector
performed via Fuzzy Logic Control instead of using the classical load flow approach.
•Calculate and per-unite the power parameters ΔFP and ΔFQ at each node of the
system.
•The above parameters are elected as crisp input signals. The maximum (or worst)
power parameter (ΔFPmax or ΔFQmax) determines the range of scale mapping that
transfers the input signals into corresponding universe of discourse, at every
iteration.
• The input signals are fuzzified into corresponding fuzzy signals (ΔFPfuz or ΔFQ fuz
with seven linguistic variables; large negative (LN), medium negative (MN), small
negative (SN), zero (ZR), small positive (SP), medium positive (MP), large positive
(LP). They are represented in triangular function.
The rule base involves seven rules tallying with seven linguistic
variables:
Rule 1: if ΔFfuz is LN then ΔXfuz is LN
Rule 2: if ΔFfuz is MN then ΔXfuz is MN
Rule 3: if ΔFfuz is SN then ΔXfuz is SN
Rule 4: if ΔFfuz is ZR then ΔXfuz is ZR
Rule 5: if ΔFfuz is SP then ΔXfuz is SP
Rule 6: if ΔFfuz is MP then ΔXfuz is MP
Rule 7: if ΔFfuz is LP then ΔXfuz is LP
These fuzzy rules are consistent to that of Eqn.3.
•The fuzzy signals Δffuz are sent to process logic, which generates the
fuzzy output signals Δxfuz based on the previous rule base and are
represented by seven linguistic variables similar to input fuzzy signals.
If node i is a PQ node where the load demand is specified, then the mismatches
in active and reactive powers, ΔPi and ΔQi , respectively, are given by
Application examples
•Klos-kerner 11 node test system.
•Two loading condition considered.
Node 1: Slack node,voltage level=1.05pu. Nodes 5 and 9 are PV nodes with target
voltages of 1.05pu and 1.0375pu.
Hybrid Particle swarm optimization
application
1. Problem Formulation: The load flow equations, at any given bus(i) in the
system, are as follows:
The optimization problem is formulated as follows:
The position of each particle is then updated in each iteration by adding the
velocity vector to the position vector.
Inertia weight ‘w’ control the impact of the previous history of velocities on the
current velocity-it regulates the trade-off between the global and local
exploration abilities of the swarm.
Suitable value for w usually provide balance between global and local
exploration abilities and consequently a reduction on the number of iterations
for optimal solution.
Ability of breeding, a powerful property of GA is used.
Numerical Examples
IEEE 14 bus system:
Thank you
References:
1. Power System Analysis, Hadi saadat, McGraw Hill International editions.
2. Fuzzy Logic application in load flow studies,J.G.Vlachogiannis,IEE,2001.
3. Development of constrained-Genetic Algorithm load flow method,
K.P.Wong,A.Li,M.Y.Law,IEE,1997.
4. Load flow solution using Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization, Amgad A.El-Dib
et.al, IEEE,2004.