Arif Rahutama

1. Introduction to Geology
2. Minerals
3. Earth’s Processes
4. Igneous Rocks
5. Sedimentary Rock
6. Metamorphic rock
• Geology is the science that pursues an understanding of Planet
Earth.
• James Hutton, a founder of modern geology. Fundamental
principal: Uniformitarianism, it states that the physical, chemical,
and biological laws that operate today also operated in the
geologic past.
• Law of superposition, which states that in layers of sedimentary
rocks or lava flows, the youngest layer is in the top, and oldest is
on the bottom.
• The Principle of Original Horizontality states that layers of sediment
are originally deposited horizontally under the action of gravity
• Cross-cutting relationship, is principle of geology that states that the
geologic feature which cuts another is the younger of the two
features.
• Building blocks of rocks.
• Naturally occurring.
• Solid
• Orderly crystalline structure
• Well-defined chemical compostion
• Generally inorganic
• Weathering, the physical breakdown and
chemical alteration of rock at or near earth’s
surface
• Mass wasting, the transfer of rock and soil
downslope under influence of gravity
• Erosion, the physical removal of material by
mobile agents such as water, wind, or ice
• Igneous rock form when magma cools and
solidified
• Extrusive, or volcanic, igneous rocks result
when lava cools at the surface
• Magma that solidified at the depth produces
intrusive, or plutonic, igneous rocks.
• Classified by their texture and mineral
composition
• Sedimentary rock consist of sediment that has
been lithified into solid rock
• Principle source: detrital material, soluble
material and organic
• Classified by their size of grains and mineral
composition
• Metamorphic rock form from preexisting rock
that have been altered by the agent of
metamorphism, which include heat, pressure
and chemically active fluids
 How to use compass
 How to read geological map
 How to make geological map
 How to make profile geology
 How to make correlation lithology
 How to make historical geology
Clastic Depositional Systems
Terr
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Tran
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Mari
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Sequence Stratigraphy Defined

Hall (1996)
Modified from Surono et al. (1992)