Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Dynamics:
(ii) Hydrodynamics: Different forms of energy in a flowing
liquid, head, Bernoulli's equation and its application, Energy
line and Hydraulic Gradient Line, and Energy Equation

1
Steady Flow/non steady Through Pipes
◗ Laminar Flow:
flow in layers
Re<2000 (pipe flow)
◗ Turbulent Flow:

flow layers mixing with each

other
Re >4000 (pipe flow)

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Steady Flow Through Pipes
◗ Reynold’s Number(R or Re): It is ratio of inertial forces (Fi)
to viscous forces (Fv) of flowing fluid
Velocity Volume Where ;
Mass.
Time  Time . Velocity
Fi  V is avg. velocity of flow in pipe
Re  Fv  Shear Stress. Area Shear Stress. Area ν is kinematic viscosity
 Q.V   AV .V   AV .V  VL VL L is characteristic/representative
 
 .A  linear dimension of pipe. It is
  du
dy .A  LV .A
diameter of pipe (circular conduits)
VD  or hydraulic radius (non-circular
Re  conduits).

VD 
◗ For laminar flow: Re<=2000
Values of critical
◗ For transitional flow: Reynolds no.
2000<Re<4000
◗ For Turbulent flow: Re>= 4000
Note: For non-circular section, we need to use hydraulic radius (Rh)
3 instead of diameter (D) for the linear dimension (L).
Steady Flow Through Pipes
◗ Hydraulic Radius (Rh) or Hydraulic Area
R 
A
Diameter: It is the ratio of area of h 
flow to wetted perimeter of a channel wetted perimeter
or pipe P
For Circular For Rectangular
Pipe pipe

Rh  A   / 4D 
2
A
B
D
P D 4 BD
Rh  
D  4Rh P B
 2D

VD 4VRh By replacing D with Rh, Reynolds’ number

R h   formulae can be used for non-circular sections as
 well.
4
Note: hydraulic Radius gives us indication for most economical section. More
the Rh more economical will be the section.
Forms of Energy

◗ (1). Kinetic Energy: Energy due to motion of body. A body

of mass, m, when moving with velocity, V, posses kinetic
energy,
1 m and V are mass and velocity of
KE  2 mV 2
body
◗ (2). Potential Energy: Energy due to elevation of body above
an arbitrary datum
Z is elevation of body from
PE  mgZ arbitrary datum
m is the mass of
body
◗ (3). Pressure Energy: Energy due to pressure above datum,
most usually its pressure above atmospheric

PrE  h !!!

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Forms of Energy
◗ (4). Internal Energy: It is the energy that is associated with the
molecular, or internal state of matter; it may be stored in
many forms, including thermal, nuclear, chemical and
electrostatic.

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HEAD
◗ Head: Energy per unit weight is called
head

◗ Kinetic head: Kinetic energy per 2

unit
V2 QWeight  mg
weightKinetic head  KE   1 mV  / mg
Weight  2

◗ Potential head: Potential
2g energy per unit
weigh Potential head PE
 mgZ / mg 
 Weight Z

◗ Pressure head: Pressure energy per unit

weight
Pressure head  PrE  P
Weight
7 
TOTAL HEAD
◗ TOTAL HEAD
= Kinetic Head + Potential Head + Pressure Head

V2 P
Z
2g 

P 2
Total Head  H  Z   V
 2g

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Bernoulli’s Equation
◗ It states that the sum of kinetic, potential and pressure heads
of a fluid particle is constant along a streamline during
steady flow when compressibility and frictional effects are
negligible.
◗ i.e. , For an ideal fluid,Total head of fluid particle
remains constant during a steady-incompressible flow.
◗ Or total head along a streamline is constant during steady
flow when compressibility and frictional effects are negligible.
P V2
Total Head  Z   constt
 2g
 P
1 21 P 2
Z1  V  Z2  2  V 2 2
  2g
1
H1  2g
H2 Pip
e
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Energy Line and Hydraulic Grade line
P 2
 z V 
 H 2g
Pressure head  Elevation head  Velocity head  Total
Head
Multiplying with unit weight,γ,
P  gz  V 2  contt
 2
◗ Static P
◗ Pressure
Dynamic : V 2 / 2
◗ pressure : Pressure: gZ
Hydrostatic
◗ Stagnation Pressure: Static pressure + dynamic
Pressure P V
2

 2  Pstag

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Energy Line and Hydraulic Grade line
◗ Measurement of Heads
◗ Piezometer: It
measures pressure
head ( P /  ).

◗ Pitot tube: It measures sum

of pressure and velocity heads
i.e.,
P 2
V
 2g

11 What about measurement of elevation

head !!
Energy Line and Hydraulic Grade line
◗ Energy line: It is line joining the total heads along a pipe
line.
◗ HGL: It is line joining pressure head along a pipe line.

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Energy Line and Hydraulic Grade line

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Reading Assignment and submission
◗ Video HGL and EGL(1 to 6)
◗ Limitation & application Bernoulli’s Equation(7 to 14)
◗ Application of hydraulic grade line and energy
line(remaining)

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 NUMERICALS
◗
5.2.1

15
◗
5.3.2

25
◗
5.3.4

2
6
◗
5.3.6

18
◗
5.9.6

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Momentum and Forces in Fluid Flow
◗ We have all seen moving fluids exerting forces.The lift force on an
aircraft is exerted by the air moving over the wing. A jet of water from
a hose exerts a force on whatever it hits.

◗ In fluid mechanics the analysis of motion is performed in the same way as

in solid mechanics - by use of Newton’s laws of motion.

◗ i.e., F = ma which is used in the analysis of solid mechanics to relate

applied force to acceleration.

◗ In fluid mechanics it is not clear what mass of moving fluid we should

use so we use a different form of the equation.

d
 F  ma 
dt
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mV s
Momentum and Forces in Fluid Flow
◗ Newton’s 2nd Law can be written:
◗ The Rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to the resultant force
acting on the body, and takes place in the direction of the force.

d mV s
F
dt

F Sum of all external forces on a body of fluid or system s

mV  Momentum of fluid body in direction s

◗ The symbols F and V represent vectors and so the change in momentum must be
in the same direction as force.
 Fdt  d mV s
30 It is also termed as impulse momentum
principle