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K Surface runoff
^ overland flow (sheet flow)
^ shallow concentrated flow
^ open channel flow
K ðotal streamflow during a precipitation event
includes the baseflow existing in the basin prior
to the storm and the runoff due to the given
storm precipitation. ðotal streamflow
hydrographs are usually conceptualized as
being composed of:
^ Direct Runoff, which is composed of contributions
from ° and
. Unit
hydrograph analysis refers only to direct runoff.
^ aseflow, which is composed of contributions from
p
p
and p .
K ! includes all overland flow as well
as all precipitation falling directly onto stream
channels. Surface runoff is the main contributor
to the peak discharge.
K @
is the portion of the streamflow
contributed by infiltrated water that moves
laterally in the subsurface until it reaches a
channel. Interflow is a slower process than
surface runoff. Components of interflow are
^
, which contributes to direct runoff, and
^ p
p
, which contributes to baseflow.
K - p is the flow component
contributed to the channel by groundwater. ðhis
process is extremely slow as compared to
surface runoff.
K asins with a lot of storage have a large
recessional limb.
K Recession occurs exponentially for baseflow
K hixed base method (A--D-E)
K Variable slope method (A--C-E)
K Straight line method (A-E)
K Curves A and Eh are considered as ground
water recession curves.
K ðhe ground water recession can be described
by the following equation
K ðhe recession limb of a hydrograph represents
withdraw of water from surface storage,
subsurface (inter) flow and groundwater flow.
Suppose that the recession curve can be
expressed by
K In modeling single floods, the effects of
evapotranspiration, as well as the interaction
between the aquifer and the streams, are
ignored.
^ Evapotranspiration may be ignored because its
magnitude during the time period in which the flood
develops is negligible when compared to other fluxes
such as infiltration. Likewise, the effect of the stream-
aquifer interaction is generally ignored because the
response time of the subsurface soil system is much
longer than the response time of the surface or direct
runoff process. In addition, effects of other hydrologic
processes such as interception and depression
storage are also neglected.
K Event-based modeling generally involves the
following aspects:
^ evaluation of the rainfall flux over the watershed @
as a function of space and time;
^ evaluation of the rainfall excess or effective rainfall
flux as a function of space and time, @ . Effective
rainfall is the rainfall available for runoff after
infiltration and other abstractions have been
accounted for; and
^ routing of the rainfall excess to the watershed outlet in
order to determine the corresponding flood
hydrograph, ü .
K Rainfall (excess rainfall) is uniformly distributed
over the whole watershed. As a result, direct
runoff begins at the beginning of effective rainfall.
þ
K Sherman (1932) first proposed the unit hydrograph
concept.
K ðhe Unit |ydrograph (U|) of a watershed is defined as
the
resulting from a unit
volume of excess rainfall of
and
. ðhe
duration of the unit volume of excess or effective rainfall,
sometimes referred to as the
p
, defines
and labels the particular unit hydrograph. ðhe unit
volume is usually considered to be associated with 1 cm
(1 inch) of effective rainfall distributed uniformly over the
basin area.
þ þ|`
þ|
K ðhe effective rainfall has a constant intensity
within the effective duration.
K Effective rainfall is uniformly distributed over
the whole watershed.
K ðhe time base of the DR| resulting from an
excess rainfall of given duration is constant.
K ðhe ordinates of all DR| s of a common time
base are directly proportional to the total
amount of direct runoff.
þ |
þ|
K Instantaneous unit hydrograph is the direct
runoff hydrograph resulted from an Impulse
function rainfall, i.e., one unit of effective rainfall
at a time instance.
þ
K Remarks:
^ ðhe time base of the @ is the time of concentration
of the watershed.
^ ðhe ordinate of the @ at time , @(t), is the
system s response at time .
K Consider a watershed as a linear system and
the effective rainfall and direct runoff are
respectively the input and output of this system.
!
þ|
ï
þ|
j
K ote that the S-curve is dependent on the
effective rainfall duration (`) associated with the
unit hydrograph.
þ|
K ðhe ordinate of @() is proportional to the
slope of the S-curve at time , i.e. p!/p.
K ote that the S-curve can be developed using
U| of various effective rainfall durations (1/@);
therefore, the slope of the S-curve may vary with
@. |owever, the above equation yields a unique
@() due to the (1/@) term.