MICROBIOLOGY

AND
PARASITOLOGY

DIPHTHERIA
VS
PERTUSSIS ( WHOOPING
COUGH )
 NAME OF GROUP
 PRESENTED BY…


 NAZREEN SHAFIQAH ROSMAN

 AFIFAH BT MOHD RIDZUAN
 NAZLIN BINTI NGAIMIN
 TASHA MUNIRAH BT RIDUAN
 NURZITA BT ZOLPKAR
 DIPHTHERIA VS PERTUSSIS ( WHOOPING COUGH)

 LEARNING OBJECTIVE


Ø Definition of diphtheria and pertussis.

Ø Sign and symptoms of diphtheria and pertussis.
Ø Reservoir and Mode of transmission for diphtheria and
pertussis.
Ø Control / prevention of diseases for diphtheria and
pertussis .
Ø Please note the differences between them.
 DIPHTHERIA
Definition of Diphtheria:


 acute contagious infection caused by the

bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae




SIGN & SYMPTOMS OF DIPHTHERIA


q Sore throat and painful swallowing

q Fever up to 103°F
q Swollen glands in the neck
q Difficulty breathing
q Difficulty swallowing
q Weakness
q Gray covering on the back of the throat
q Nasal discharge
q Pallor ( skin is pale )
INFECTION PROCESS
 INFECTION AGENTS


 Bacteria:
- They are responsible for a while range of human
disease:
- Eg: corynebacterium diphtheria
-
§ Corynebacterium diphtheriae:
 - Can infects the mucous membranes of the
respiratory tract.
 - Can invade skin lessions , if absorbed in the
bloodstream, may damage organs such as the
heart, kidneys, and nerves.



 RESERVOIRS
Ø Healthy people
 -
Ø Humans are the usual reservoir and
carriers are usually asymptomatic.

 PORTAL OF EXIT
 Nasal discharge

 MODE OF TRANSMISSIONS
 Transmission is droplet spread from the
respiratory tract. More rarely transmission
can occur from contact with articles soiled
with discharges from infected lesions.
 PORTAL OF ENTRY
 Upper respiratory
 Nose

 SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
 COMPLICATION OF
DIPHTHERIA
 Respiratory failure
A combination of factors can lead to respiratory
failure.
The membrane that forms at the back of the
throat can cause breathing difficulties.
Tiny particles of the membrane can end up in
the lungs, resulting in extensive
inflammation of the lungs.
The bacterium produces a toxin that can
damage the lungs



Ø Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscles)
q C. diphtheriae produces a toxin that can cause
inflammation of the heart muscle. Myocarditis often
results in an irregular heartbeat, which in turn raises
the risk of a blood clot or stroke. Myocarditis can lead
to heart failure - when the heart cannot pump blood
around the body properly.

Ø Pneumonia
q If the patient has swallowing difficulties he/she is more
likely to swallow food or drink "down the wrong way" -
into the lungs instead of into the digestive system.
The food or drink that gets into the lung can become
infected, which may result in pneumonia (aspiration
pneumonia).

Ø Kidney failure
q This can be either a consequence of heart failure,
which is a possible complication of diphtheria, or
as a direct result of the toxin produced by the C.
diphtheriae bacterium.
q
Ø Paralysis

q Diphtheria can cause paralysis in the neck, throat,

respiratory muscle, and the eye.
q

PREVENTION OF DISEASES
 INVESTIGATION
 Diphtheria
 - Schick test
 -
 TREATMENT
 MEDICATION
 Drug : penicillin or erythromycin.


Definition of pertussis ( whooping cough )


☻
☻ Pertussis is caused by a bacterium,
Bordetella pertussis .
 A deep "whooping" sound is often
heard when the patient tries to take a
breath.


☻
v
CAUSED


Ø By the Bordetella pertussis or Bordetella

parapertussis bacteria.
 Serious disease that can cause
permanent disability in infants, and
even death.

SIGN & SYMPTOMS FOR PERTUSSIS
CATARRHAL STAGE:


§ Can last 1-2 weeks.

§ Includes a runny nose, sneezing, low-
grade fever, and a mild cough (all
similar symptoms to the common cold).
§ Coryza.
§ Malaise.

PAROXYSMAL STAGE:


ü usually lasts 1-6 weeks, but can persist

for up to 10 weeks .
ü Is a burst, or paroxysm, of numerous,
rapid coughs.
ü Worse at night
ü Vomiting
ü Fatigue
ü Weight loss
ü
ü
CONVALESCENT STAGE:


v usually lasts 2-6 weeks, but may last for

months.
v Is usually milder in adolescents and
adults, consisting of a persistent cough
similar to that found in other upper
respiratory infections.
v
v
INFECTION PROCESS
INFECTION AGENTS
BACTERIA.
 Bordetella pertussis.
 - small, obligate aerobic, gram-ve

coccobacillus.
 E.g : pneumonia disease


 RESERVOIR

 Humans are the only known natural

reservoir of B. pertussis.
- it can be a living host only.


PORTAL OF EXIT
MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
Respiratory droplet.
 - The bacteria attach to ciliated epithelial

cells of the nasopharynx.


PORTAL OF ENTRY
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
 Complications
 Pneumonia
 Convulsions
 Seizure disorder (permanent)
 Nose bleeds
 Ear infections
 Brain damage from lack of oxygen
 Bleeding in the brain (cerebral hemorrhage)
 Mental retardation
 Slowed or stopped breathing (apnea)
 Death

 Prevention
 A TDaP vaccine (tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis) or
pertussis-only vaccine helps protect children
against this disease. Vaccination starts in infancy.
A booster shot (a lower dose of the infant
pertussis vaccine) is approved for kids aged 10
to 18.
 The tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and
acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) will replace the
Td (tetanus and reduced diphtheria toxoids)
 During a pertussis outbreak, unimmunized children
under age 7 should not attend school or public
gatherings, and should be isolated from anyone
known or suspected to be infected.
 Some health care organizations strongly
recommend that adults up to the age of 65 years
receive the adult form of the vaccine against
pertussis.

 INVESTIGATION
 Specimen:
 - Throat swab
 - Nasopharyngeal aspirate

 TREATMENT
 MEDICATION
 Drug:antibiotics such as erythromycin
and amoxicillin

 Oxygen
 Fluid
 Sedatives

Different of diphtheria and
pertussis
 DIPHTHERIA  PERTUSSIS
. CA- Corynebacterium . CA – Bordetella

diphtheriae. Pertussis
.primarily affect adult. . Primarily affect childhood

. Antibiotic – antitoxin , e.g :infants

. Antibiotic- Erythromycin
. Caused -
Thank you for your attention