HP Spectrum Analysis Basics

SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 26.
5 GHz
8563A
Spectrum Analysis Basics 1

CMB 12/96
Agenda

Overview:

What is spectrum analysis?

What measurements do we make?

Theory of Operation:

Spectrum analyzer hardware

Specifications:

Which are important and why?

Features

Making the analyzer more effective

Summary
Spectrum Analysis Basics

CMB 12/96

CMB 12/96
Agenda

Overview

Theory of Operation

Specifications

Features

Summary

CMB 12/96
Overview
What is Spectrum Analysis?
SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 26.5 GHz

8563A

CMB 12/96
Overview
Types of Tests Made
Modulation
Modulation
Noise
Noise
Distortion
Distortion

CMB 12/96
Overview
Frequency versus Time Domain
Amplitude y
u en c
(power) f re q
tim
e
Time domain
Frequency Domain
Measurements
Measurements
CMB 12/96
Overview
Different Types of Analyzers
Fourier Analyzer
Parallel filters measured
simultaneously
A
CRT shows full
spectral display
f1 f2 f
CMB 12/96
Overview
Different Types of Analyzers
Swept Analyzer
Filter 'sweeps' over range of
interest
A
CRT shows full
spectral display
f1 f2 f
CMB 12/96
Agenda

Overview

Theory of Operation

Specifications

Features

Summary

CMB 12/96
Theory of Operation
Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
RF input
attenuator IF gain IF filter
mixer detector
Input
signal
Pre-Selector
Log
Or Low Pass Amp
Filter video
filter
local
oscillator
sweep
generator
Crystal
Reference CRT display

CMB 12/96
Theory of Operation
Mixer MIXER
input
f LO- f sig f LO+ f sig

RF IF
f sig LO
f sig f LO
f LO
CMB 12/96
Theory of Operation
IF Filter IF FILTER
Input
Spectrum
IF Bandwidth
(RBW)
Display

CMB 12/96
Theory of Operation
Detector DETECTOR
amplitude
"bins" Positive detection: largest value

in bin displayed
Negative detection: smallest value
in bin displayed
Sample detection: last value in bin
displayed

CMB 12/96
Theory of Operation
Video Filter
VIDEO
FILTER

CMB 12/96
Theory of Operation
Other Components
LO
SWEEP
GEN
frequency
CRT DISPLAY
RF INPUT
ATTENUATOR IF GAIN

CMB 12/96
Theory of Operation
How it all works together
fs Signal Range LO Range
f LO- f s f LO
0 1 2 3 (GHz) f LO+ f s
fs
IF filter
mixer 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 detector
fs 3.6 6.5
input
3.6
f IF
sweep generator A
LO
f LO
0 1 2 3 (GHz) f
3 4 5 6 (GHz) CRT display
3.6 6.5

CMB 12/96
Theory of Operation
Front Panel Operation
Primary functions
(Frequency, Amplitude,
Span)
Softkeys

8563A
Control functions
(RBW, sweep time,
VBW)
RF Input Numeric Spectrum Analysis Basics

CMB 12/96
17
keypad
Agenda

Overview

Theory of Operation

Specifications

Features

Summary

CMB 12/96
Specifications
8563A
 Frequency Range
 Accuracy, Frequency & Amplitude
 Resolution
 Sensitivity
 Distortion
 Dynamic Range

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Frequency Range
Lowfrequencies
Low frequencies
forbaseband
for basebandand
andIF
IF
Measuringharmonics
Measuring harmonics
50GHz
50 GHzand
andbeyond!
beyond!

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Accuracy
Absolute Relative
Amplitude Amplitude
in dBm in dB
Frequency
Relative
Frequency

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Accuracy: Frequency Readout Accuracy
Typical datasheet specification:
Spans < 2 MHz:  (freq. readout x freq. ref. Accuracy

+ 1% of frequency span
+ 15% of resolution bandwidth
+ 10 Hz "residual error")

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Accuracy: Frequency Readout Accuracy Example
Single Marker Example:

2 GHz
400 kHz span
3 kHz RBW
9 -7
Calculation: (2x10 Hz) x (1.3x10 /yr.ref.error) = 260 Hz
1% of 400 kHz span = 4000 Hz
15% of 3 kHz RBW = 450 Hz
10 Hz residual error = 10 Hz
Total = +
_ 4720 Hz

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Accuracy: Relative Amplitude Accuracy

Display fidelity

Frequency response

RF Input attenuator

Reference level

Resolution bandwidth

CRT scaling

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Accuracy: Relative Amplitude Accuracy - Display
Fidelity

Applies when signals are not placed at the same
reference amplitude

Display fidelity includes
–Log amplifier or linear fidelity
–Detector linearity
–Digitizing circuit linearity

Technique for best accuracy

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Accuracy: Relative Amplitude Accuracy - Freq. Response
Signals in the Same Harmonic Band

+1 dB
- 1 dB
BAND 1
Specification: ± 1 dB
CMB 12/96
Specifications
Accuracy: Relative Amplitude Accuracy

RF Input attenuator

Reference level

Resolution bandwidth

CRT scaling

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Accuracy: Absolute Amplitude Accuracy

Calibrator accuracy

Frequency response

Reference level uncertainty

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Accuracy: Other Sources of Uncertainty

Mismatch (RF input port not exactly 50 ohms)

Compression due to overload (high-level
input signal)

Distortion products

Amplitudes below the log amplifier range

Signals near noise

Noise causing amplitude variations

Two signals incompletely resolved

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Resolution
What Determines Resolution?
Resolution Residual FM
Bandwidth
RBW Type and

Selectivity Noise Sidebands

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Resolution: Resolution Bandwidth
Mixer 3 dB Detector
3 dB BW
Input
Spectrum
IF Filter/
LO Resolution Bandwidth Filter
(RBW)
Sweep
RBW
Display

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Resolution: Resolution Bandwidth
10 kHz RBW
3 dB
10 kHz
CMB 12/96
Specifications
Resolution: RBW Type and Selectivity
3 dB
3 dB BW
60 dB
60 dB
BW
60 dB BW
Selectivity =
3 dB BW

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Resolution: RBW Type and Selectivity
RBW = 1 kHz RBW = 10 kHz

Selectivity 15:1
3 dB
distortion
products
7.5 kHz
60 dB
60 dB BW
= 15 kHz
10 kHz 10 kHz

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Resolution: Residual FM
Residual FM
"Smears" the Signal Spectrum Analysis Basics
CMB 12/96
35
Specifications
Resolution: Noise Sidebands
Phase Noise
Noise Sidebands can prevent

resolution of unequal signals Spectrum Analysis Basics
CMB 12/96
36
Specifications
Resolution: RBW Determines Measurement Time
Swept too fast
Penalty For Sweeping Too Fast

Is An Uncalibrated Display Spectrum Analysis Basics 37
CMB 12/96
Specifications
Resolution: Digital Resolution Bandwidths
Typical Selectivity
Analog 15:1
Digital 5:1
ANALOG FILTER
DIGITAL FILTER
RES BW 100 Hz SPAN 3 kHz

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Sensitivity/DANL
Mixer Detector
RF
Input
RES BW
Filter
LO
Sweep
A Spectrum
A Spectrum Analyzer
Analyzer Generates
Generates and
and Amplifies
Amplifies Noise
Noise Just
Just
Like Any
Like Any Active
Active Circuit
Circuit
CMB 12/96
Specifications
Sensitivity/DANL
Effective Level
Effective Level of
of Displayed
Displayed Noise
Noise isis aa
Function of
Function of RF
RF Input
Input Attenuation
Attenuation
signal level
10 dB
Attenuation = 10 dB Attenuation = 20 dB
Signal-To-Noise Ratio Decreases as

RF Input Attenuation is Increased Spectrum Analysis Basics 40
CMB 12/96
Specifications
Sensitivity/DANL: IF Filter (RBW)
Displayed Noise
Displayed Noise isis aa Function
Function of
of IF
IF
Filter Bandwidth
Filter Bandwidth
100 kHz RBW
10 dB 10 kHz RBW
10 dB 1 kHz RBW
Decreased BW = Decreased Noise

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Sensitivity/DANL: VBW
Video BW
Video BW Smoothes
Smoothes Noise
Noise for
for Easier
Easier
Identification of
Identification of Low
Low Level
Level Signals
Signals

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Sensitivity/DANL
Sensitivity isis the

Sensitivity the Smallest
Smallest Signal
Signal That
That Can
Can
Be Measured
Be Measured
2.2 dB
Signal
Equals
Noise

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Sensitivity/DANL
For Best
For Best Sensitivity
Sensitivity Use:
Use:
 Narrowest Resolution BW
 Minimum RF Input Attenuation
 Sufficient Video Filtering

(Video BW < .01 Res BW)
CMB 12/96
Specifications
Distortion
Mixers Generate Distortion
Frequency Translated
Signals
Resultant
Signal To
Be Measured
Mixer Generated
Distortion

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Distortion
Most Influential Distortion is the Second

and Third Order
< -50 dBc < -40 dBc < -50 dBc
Two-Toned Intermod Harmonic Distortion

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Distortion
Distortion Products Increase as a
Function of Fundamental's Power
3 3
Power Third-order distortion
in dB
Second-order distortion
2f1- f 2 f1 f2 2f2- f 1
Two-Toned Intermod
2 3
Power
Second Order: 2 dB/dB of Fundamental in dB
Third Order: 3 dB/dB of Fundamental
f 2f 3f
Harmonic Distortion
CMB 12/96
Specifications
Distortion
Relative Amplitude Distortion Changes with

Input Power Level
1 dB
20 dB
1 dB
21 dB
3 dB
2 dB
f 2f 3f
CMB 12/96
Specifications
Distortion
Distortion is a Function of
Mixer Level
0 .
-20
DISTORTION, dBc
Second
-40 Order
-60
-80
Third
-100
Order
-60 -30 0 +30
TOI
POWER AT MIXER =
INPUT - ATTENUATOR SETTING dBm Spectrum Analysis Basics 49
CMB 12/96
Specifications
Distortion
Distortion Test:
Is it Internally or Externally Generated?
RF INPUT
ATTENUATOR IF GAIN
1 Change Input 2 Watch Signal on

Attn by 10 dB Screen:
 No change in amplitude
= distortion is part of
input signal (external)
 Change in amplitude = at
least some of the distortion
is being generated inside Spectrum Analysis Basics 50
the analyzer (internal) CMB 12/96
Specifications
Dynamic Range
Dynamic
Dynamic
Range
Range

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Dynamic Range
Signal-to-Noise Ratio Can Be Graphed
0 .
SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO, dBc
-20
DisplayedNoise
Displayed Noisein
in
-40 aa11kHz
kHzRBW
RBW
-60
-80
-100
-60 -30 0 +30
DisplayedNoise
Displayed Noisein
in POWER AT MIXER =
INPUT - ATTENUATOR SETTING dBm
aa100
100Hz
HzRBW
RBW
CMB 12/96
Specifications
Dynamic Range
Dynamic Range Can Be Presented Graphically

Maximum2nd
Maximum 2ndOrder
Order .
.
DynamicRange
Dynamic Range
SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO, dBc
-20
Maximum3rd
Maximum 3rdOrder
Order
DynamicRange
Dynamic Range
-40
R
RDE
O
D
-60 ON
ER
DI
SP C
LA
YE SE RD
O
D
NO
D
IR
I SE
TH
-80 (1
kH
zR
BW
)
-100
-60 -30 0 +30
TOI SOI
POWER AT MIXER =
OptimumMixer
Optimum Mixer INPUT - ATTENUATOR SETTING dBm
Levels
Levels Spectrum Analysis Basics 53
CMB 12/96
Specifications
Dynamic Range
Calculated Maximum Dynamic Range

MDR = 2/3 (DANL - TOI)
3
MDR = 1/2 (DANL - SOI)
2
Where TOI = Mixer Level - dBc/2

SOI = Mixer Level - dBc
Optimum Mixer Level = DANL - MDR
Attenuation = Signal - Optimum Mixer Level

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Dynamic Range
Example Calculation
MDR = 2/3 [(-115) - (+5)]
3
= -80 dBc (1 kHz RBW)
Where TOI = (-30) - (-70)/2

= + 5 dBm
Optimum Mixer Level = (-115) - (-80)

= -35 dBm
Attenuation = (0) - (-35)
= +35 dBm

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Dynamic Range
Dynamic Range for Spur Search Depends on

Closeness to Carrier
Dynamic Range Dynamic Range

Limited By Noise Sidebands Limited By
dBc/Hz Compression/Noise
Noise Sidebands Displayed Average

Noise Level
100 kHz
to
1 MHz

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Dynamic Range
Actual Dynamic Range is the Minimum of:
Maximumdynamic
Maximum dynamicrange
rangecalculation
calculation
Calculated from:
 distortion
 sensitivity
Noisesidebands
Noise sidebandsatatthe
theoffset
offsetfrequency
frequency

CMB 12/96
Specifications
Dynamic Range
+30 dBm MAXIMUM POWER LEVEL
-10 dBm MIXER COMPRESSION
-35 dBm THIRD-ORDER DISTORTION
CRT-DISPLAY MEASUREMENT
RANGE
RANGE -45 dBm SECOND-ORDER DISTORTION
145 dB
80 dB SIGNAL/NOISE
RANGE
105 dB 0 dBc NOISE SIDEBANDS
SIGNAL /3rd ORDER
DISTORTION
80 dB RANGE
INCREASING SIGNAL/ 2nd ORDER
DISTORTION
BANDWIDTH OR 70 dB RANGE SIGNAL/NOISE SIDEBANDS
ATTENUATION 60 dBc/1kHz
-115 dBm (1 kHz BW & 0 dB ATTENUATION) MINIMUM NOISE FLOOR

CMB 12/96
Agenda

Overview

Theory of Operation

Specifications

Features

Summary

CMB 12/96
Features
8563A
 Basic Operation
 remote operation
 markers
 limit lines
Modulation Measurements
 time domain
 FFT
 Noise Measurements
noisemarker
 AM/FM detector averaging
 time-gating
 Stimulus Response Measurements

tracking generator

CMB 12/96
Features
Basic Operation: Remote Operation, Markers & Limit Lines

8563A
MARKER
1.025 MHz
-54.04 dB

CMB 12/96
Features
Modulation Measurements: Time Domain
LI
N
MARKER
10 msec
1.000 X
CENTER 100 MHz SPAN 0 Hz

RES BW 1 MHz VBW 3 MHz SWP 50 msec
CMB 12/96
Features
Modulation Measurements: FFT
Swept Frequency Domain FFT Frequency Domain

LI
N
10 dB/
MARKER MARKER
1 kHz 1 kHz
-26 dBc -26 dBc
CENTER 100 MHz SPAN 10 kHz CENTER 100 MHz SPAN 0 Hz

CMB 12/96
Features
Modulation Measurements: FFT
CENTER 100 MHz SPAN 50 kHz

CMB 12/96
Features
Modulation Measurements: AM/FM Detector with Speakers

8563A

CMB 12/96
Features
Modulation Measurements: Time-Gating
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
user #1 Time
1
Amplitude 0
5
4
3 Timeslot
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 Frequency
Channel Number

CMB 12/96
Features
Modulation Measurements: Time-Gating
Time-Gated Measurements in the

gate
Frequency Domain length
gate "time gating"
delay
time
Envelope
Detector
GATE
Video
Filter Frequency

CMB 12/96
Features
Noise Measurements: Noise Marker & Video Averaging

8563A
MKR 1.025 MHz AVG

-135.75 dBm/Hz 10

CMB 12/96
Features
Stimulus Response: Tracking Generator
Receiver
Source
DUT
Spectrum Analyzer
RF in CRT
IF
Display
LO
DUT
TG out
Tracking
Adjust
Tracking Generator
CMB 12/96
Agenda

Overview

Theory of Operation

Specifications

Features

Summary

CMB 12/96

HP Spectrum Analysis Basics

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SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 26.

Spectrum Analysis Basics 1

Spectrum Analysis Basics

Spectrum Analysis Basics 2

Spectrum Analysis Basics 3

SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 26.5 GHz

Spectrum Analysis Basics 4

Spectrum Analysis Basics 5

Spectrum Analysis Basics 9

Spectrum Analysis Basics 10

f LO- f sig f LO+ f sig

Spectrum Analysis Basics 12

"bins" Positive detection: largest value

Spectrum Analysis Basics 13

Spectrum Analysis Basics 14

Spectrum Analysis Basics 15

Spectrum Analysis Basics 16

SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 26.5 GHz

RF Input Numeric Spectrum Analysis Basics

Spectrum Analysis Basics 18

Spectrum Analysis Basics 19

Spectrum Analysis Basics 20

Spectrum Analysis Basics 21

Typical datasheet specification:

Spans < 2 MHz:  (freq. readout x freq. ref. Accuracy

Spectrum Analysis Basics 22

Single Marker Example:

Spectrum Analysis Basics 23

Spectrum Analysis Basics 24

Spectrum Analysis Basics 25

Signals in the Same Harmonic Band

Spectrum Analysis Basics 27

Spectrum Analysis Basics 28

Spectrum Analysis Basics 29

What Determines Resolution?

RBW Type and

Spectrum Analysis Basics 30

Spectrum Analysis Basics 31

Spectrum Analysis Basics 33

RBW = 1 kHz RBW = 10 kHz

Spectrum Analysis Basics 34

Noise Sidebands can prevent

Swept too fast

Penalty For Sweeping Too Fast

RES BW 100 Hz SPAN 3 kHz

Spectrum Analysis Basics 38

Signal-To-Noise Ratio Decreases as

100 kHz RBW

Decreased BW = Decreased Noise

Spectrum Analysis Basics 42

Sensitivity isis the

Spectrum Analysis Basics 43

 Minimum RF Input Attenuation

 Sufficient Video Filtering

Mixers Generate Distortion

Spectrum Analysis Basics 45

Most Influential Distortion is the Second

< -50 dBc < -40 dBc < -50 dBc

Two-Toned Intermod Harmonic Distortion

Spectrum Analysis Basics 46

Relative Amplitude Distortion Changes with

1 Change Input 2 Watch Signal on