Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
V Definitions
V International Phonetic Alphabet
V Speech Mechanism
V The Organs of Speech
V Sounds of Speech
V Processes of Speech Production
V Importance of sounds in denture
construction
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V Speech Records |
g is the study of production of
speech sounds.
Spoken language is produced by the
movements of the organs of speech.
All human beings have the same
organs of speech. So, theoretically
speaking, every normal human being
can produce any of the sounds of
human speech.
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Speech Sounds
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Transcription
V The most widely used tool in phonetics
is
V A standardized set of symbols for
converting the continuous acoustic
stream into discrete, linguistically
relevant symbolic units
V The International Phonetic Alphabet is
the most widely used transcription tool
|
The common vowels in General American English,
each represented by a symbol in the International
Phonetic Alphabet and illustrated in a word
The Consonants symbols and identifying key
words of 25 consonants are as follows:
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
Necessary because:
1) Inadequacy of orthography (spelling):
) one letter/digraph ² different sounds
laugh([f]) bright (ø) ghost ([g])
b) one sound ² different letters
believe ([i]´ee´) people ([i]) tree ([i]):
2) Cross-linguistic variation in orthography: Different
languages have different ways of representing the same
sound--
a) [k] : in Italian ( ianti)
b) initial sound in ³church´ is written (ciao)
3) A single sound is represented by more than one letter
| gh = [f] in ³laugh´, f = [f] in ³fall´ etc.
V
|
a
6
a
6
|
<
and ability to hear sound
V
The breath stream is shaped into sounds through impedance
produced by the various articulators. : the vocal folds, the velum and
the pharynx, the tongue,the lips and the alveoli.
V6
V6
V6
|
M
6
6 6
! 6
6
$ %
|
6 M
|
Aerodynamic
Model
Air flow
from
higher to
lower
pressure
|
The Roof Of The Mouth
6 6
The or the
the hard convex surface just behind the upper
front teeth
6
the hard concave
surface behind the teeth-ridge
6
the soft portion behind
the hard palate
6
a small fleshy structure at the
|
end of the soft palate
Muscles of the tongue
(speech, swallowing and mastication
V ë
V !"#
V
V "
|
Muscle of the pharynx
V $ "
%%
V & "
V
'%
|
The larynx
The air from the lungs comes
through the ¦
,
,
at the top of which is the larynx.
In the larynx are two vocal cords,
cords,
which are like a pair of lips placed
horizontally from front to back.
They are joined in the front, but
can be separated at the back, and
the opening between them is called
the ..
|
| |
%
(
$
")
V 3 main cartilages:
V large, semicircular thyroid (Adam¶s apple) (connected
upwards to hyoid bone by thyrohyoid muscle/ligament
V smaller, solid cricoid ¦$ åsignet ring¶ $ #
$$
%*
$
(
V 2 small, pyramid-shaped arytenoids
#
(
#
( %
(
%%
V Vocal folds connect vocal process of arytenoids to
inner front of thyroid cartilage
|
¦
¦ ¦
('
#
¦
Vertical structure of the vocal
folds during one vibratory cycle
The folds are three-
dimensional, and they
vibrate in three dimensions.
The pattern of vibration is
like a åwave¶ travelling up
them.
The lower sections part first,
and come together first.
syllable--initial syllable-
syllable syllable-medial syllable-
syllable-final
| ||
Allophones of /t/
V D$
¦
¦
%
12
%
#%
(( "
#
$
#$%
%)+
) '# .
$
#$'
3
#$%
%
V Syllables
V Composed of vowels and consonants. Not well
defined. Something like a ³vowel nucleus with
some of its surrounding consonants´.
V Stress
V Some syllables have more energy than others
V Stressed syllables versus unstressed syllables
V (an) åINsult vs. (to) in¶SULT
V (an) åOBject vs. (to) ob¶JECT
V Unstressed vowels are generally transcribed as
schwa:
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V ax |
Articulatory phonetics properties of the
production mechanism, it is concerned with the
movements of muscles and other bits of anatomy
which produce human speech sounds
Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical
properties of the speech sounds, as transmitted
between mouth and ear. such as duration and energy.
It relies on instrumental analysis to extract these
properties
Auditory phonetics is the study of perceptual
response of speech sounds as mediated by ear,
| |
%
0
%
0 '+-%*
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Phonation occurs at the GLOTTIS, All pulmonic
sounds are either VOICED or VOICELESS.
·
ADDucted V C.
·
ABDUCTED V C.
©
a
%
a
&
%
&
a
|
a '
3- State of the soft palate
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4-The Articulators
V The organs of speech above the glottis are
the articulators involved in the production of
consonants:
V Active articulator
V the lower lip and the tongue
V Passive articulator
V the upper lip, the upper teeth, the roof of the
mouth and the back wall of the throat (or
Pharynx).
6
"
6
#
g $
#
!
%
"
|
,%
PP
Ã
P
P
P
P
P
PP
P P
P
P
P
P P
P
P
P
P P
Classification of sounds according to
laryngeal action and manner of production
p
"
voiceless sounds
V ½
#
voiced sounds "
'#
"
$
| :
articulated speech sound
A- Stops (plosives):
,
%$ %4
"
%'#
##
(
$
'
"
$
.
#
(
#
$
% ".
)#
(
$
$
(e.g. P,B).
B -The fricatives:
$ %4
"
(%
(
$
'.
(%
$$
"
%
%
¦
|
# ¦ "
++
/S/, /f/, /z/.
C- The affricates:
5$
((%
-
%
6 ((% 6
%'
(
¦
%
e.g. d3
D- Nasal ,
#%
"
%
(
%'#
% .
$
%
$
%
(
# +
5$
(
#
¦
$
#
$$
$
+
E.g. N, M
E-The Glides:
"
'# %
(
'
$
%
%$ %%
$
$"
"
%% "
#$" % "
$
e.g. H, W, J, Hw+
F- Semi vowels:
$
'# %
(
$
| $
'
(
.
e.g. R, L.
Manner
6 of an articulation specifies 66, i.e.
the narrowing of the oral tract, which is required to produce a particular
sound. We distinguish | 66, as follows:-
APPROXIMANT.
Sounds according to laryngeal action
and manner of production
Classification of sounds according
to The Place of Articulation
1- ·¦
2-
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|
.
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