Model for

Environmental
Cooper ation in Asia:
Anal ysis of 3 factor s to conver t
city to 5R society highlighting
Febr uar y 2, 2011
Yokohama and Kawasaki as a
Yo ko h a mmodel
a C itycase
U n ive rsity
In te rn a tio n a lC o lle g e o f A rts a n d
S cie n ce s Masazumi AO ・ Noriko
 Contents

Y C U S tra te g y ： A ca d e m ic
１
C o n so rtiu m 　 　
Model for Environmental
２ Cooperation in Asia
P ro m o tio n o f 5 R
３ 　　（ Reduce , Reuse , Recycle ,
Refine , Rebuy ）
４ YK ECO 2 - Bay Region Strategy
１
YCU Strategy ： Academic
Consortium
Yokohama City University
Public university founded in 1882 with amalgamation of a few schools

4 scenic campuses: Kanazawa main, Fukura (Medical school), Tsurumi

and Maioka
Yokohama School of Commerce was
founded in 1882

Another origin of YCU is Juzen Hospital of

Nogeyama in 1874

Approximately five thousand students and

1/5 of them are graduates Main campus building:
Designed by one of the most famous
architects in Japan, Togo MURANO
5 major disciplines
•International College of Arts and Sciences
•Faculty of Economics and Business Administration
•Faculty of Humanities and International Studies
•Faculty of Science
•School of Medicine
 YCU Strategy : Academic
International Organizations
Consortium
Aid
J ICA,TheWorldBank, CITYNET etc.

City of
Yokoha
YCU
YOKOHAMA
University Consortiumaiming
at sustainable cities
Secretariat：Yokohama City
University（YCU）
Univ

City

Result

International Society
Academic Consortium
Intellectual network aiming at solving urban issues

ECO2 Environment
Program

AC
Urban Public
Design &
Management Health
 Roles of Each Unit

•●Research based on Eco2 framework by

the World Bank ECO
Environ
•●Projects promotion 2
Progr -ment
• (identification of city’s needs
am
•Development of evaluation system)
A
•●Information Sharing Urban C Public
Design & Health
•●Network building Manage
-ment
•
=> Selecting “good practices”
=> Creating action plans for cities to reach the
goal
 Environment Unit

Topics for our Research and

•

Actions
• Model for Environmental
Cooperation in Asia
• 5R society for the Asia-Pacific
• YK (Yokohama-Kawasaki) ECO2
Bay Region
– Analysis on enterprises engaged in 5R
– Proposal for regional system of 5R
(partnership among stakeholders)
– City Assets and trans-boundary
 Model for Environmental
2 Cooperation
in Asia
 Model for Environmental
Cooperation in Asia
Increasing quantity of solid waste

Key trends 
prices of material resources Diversified quality of solid
in Asia
ersectoral movements of 3R-related goods, materials and produc

romotion of the ５ Rs Top down approach

R educe , R euse , Recycle
R efine , Rebuy Bottom up approach

of products and resources and reduction of e

 2. Leadership

eded to establish and maintain 5R

Three Factors to build 5R

: Crisis situations , events , and op

h stakeholder ( citizens , enterpris
ip : Strong management and leadersh
3. Social Capacity of Waste

apacity : Participation and partner

& Material Management
society
1. Triggers
 Two styles of environmental cooperation
Top down approach Bottom up approach
・ Problems that cannot be solved by ・ Problems that can be solved by
one city, will be solved by national level. one city, will be solved by a city itself.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　↓
　　 Terms and conditions to
　　　　　　　　　　　↓ encourage public participation
Sharing responsibility for
environmental protection Study for pollution reduction
Indicators/Action plan for international Understanding institutional, social and political facto
cooperation
mic evaluation (statistical analysis)
Impact assessment Impact assessment
Supplement

ØInteractions between ØAnalysis of environmental load

international environmental and socioeconomic factors
and economic factors ØDevelopment and implementation
ØEnvironmental Action Programme methods of public
ØEnvironmental technology participation
ØCooperation between
transfer ／ Human resources environmental NGO
capacity development ØPractice of environmental
education
Finding a synergy for two approaches
 Promotion of ５Ｒ
3 （ Reduce , Reuse , Recycle ,
Refine , Rebuy ）
 Promotion of ５Ｒ
（ Reduce , Reuse , Recycle , Refine , Rebu
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Refine, Rebuy ） Promo

Reduce ØZero emission of waste

ØReduction of energy usage

Reuse ØProducts that Life Cycle

Assessment (LCA) is
considered
ØReuse and inter-
changeability
Recycle ØDesign for easy-to-scrap
products
ØDesign for recycling

Refine ØReduction in composite

material
ØSelection of recycling
resources
Rebuy ØUtilization of reused and recycled
products
Vicious Cycle of High Cost of 5R system

Low Needs 　　 High cost

Conditions to cut the cycle are:

Knowledge the capacity
lTechnological process ofof plastic
5R at
bottle treatment
companies
lCreation of a smart government ,
company , and
and consumer
consumer
lChange of our sense of value
→ Economy 　 < 　
Ecology
 Refine ： Improvement of Recycling
Production rate Resources
process using effectively
recyclable R coll R R

repairing
resourcesRecy
Product e ect e eリ
c Partial ・ デ
planning
Separated f u dュ
le reuse
Product i scra u
ー
parts/mater s ス
planning p
ial Separated n c
Material e
parts/mater e e
recycling ial
R R R Customers （ users / consume
Selection of Parts reuse
e e e rs ）
recycled
b u b
material Reuse of
u Usage of recycled s reused u Retailers
y material e parts y

Material Parts Productio wholesales

production production n
Green
 Improve administrative capacity for
resource circulation
Extract
resources ⑤ Environmental
Governance
Recycle ( PDCA , cooperatio
Product
Product n , ･･ )
ion
ion
① Circulation on Rebuy
production stage
Sale
Sale
Recycle
Recycle
resource
resource ② Citizen participation
Rebuy
ss Consump
Consump
tion
tion//liv
liv Reduce Reuse Refine
lation of resources ing
ing
Problems
Refine Scrap
Scrap ●Waste increase in the city
●High-tech products increase refractory
ion of environmental impact material → Hazardous wastes, increase
Proper
Proper on water and soil pollution
Refine disposa
disposa ●Low skills of decontamination process /
Lack of knowledge
ll
 YK ECO 2 - Bay Region
4
Strategy
Power of Trans-boundary Cooperation

• Twin cities: A phenomenon of

two cities or two urban areas in
geographical closeness grow
together and effects of synergy
is seen between these two
cities,
• Supplement each other for some
goals (economic development,
tourism promotion, etc) ,
•Cf: Buda/Pest, Minneapolis/Saint

Paul , Ottawa/Hull,
Copenhagen/Malmö
• Usually a big gateway of a
Yokohama Kawasaki in Japan
Area 2000km
Shenyan ECO-
g3hours 45min
GATEWAY
Seou
l 2hours towar dKantoASIA
Region
20min Yokohama

Shangh
ai
3 hours 10 min Haneda Airport

Re - expansion of Haneda
International Airport  21
Yo ko h a m a ＋ K a w a sa ki ： Y K E C O 2-
Bay Region

Kawasaki
Tokyo

Kanagawa
Chiba

Yokohama
 YK ECO 2 - Bay Region
Comparison with Other Areas in
Japan
ndustrial Production Value

Osaka Bay Region

35 . 0 Y - K ECO 2 Bay Region + T
trillion yen 53 . 5 trillion yen

shu & Fukuoka Bay Region

13 . 4 trillion yen
Chukyo Bay Region
47 . 6
trillion yen

Source: Industrial Statistics

 YK ECO 2 - Bay Region
Comparison with Other Areas in
Japan
Population

Osaka Bay Region Y - K ECO 2 Bay Region + T

18 . 4 million
21 . 8 million

u & Fukuoka Bay Region

6 . 5 million

Chukyo Bay Region

9 . 2 million

Source: Population Census

Yokohama Overview
• Second largest
city in Japan
after Tokyo
• Selected as a Eco-
model city by
national
government in
2008
• Proven
performances of
reducing wastes
• New approaches
in urban
planning such
as smart grid,
para-transit
 Assets of Yokohama
cess Stories
nquering industrial air pollution
eating MM21 and other attractive facilities
locating downtown industrial area and reuse of old industrial faci
sion of Arts, Environment, and Urban Design

Social Assets
Technological Assets
Institutional Assets •Environmental •District Heating and
•Yokohama Toshi Mirai CorporationNGOs
•MM21 Corporation Cooling system
•Artists NGOs •Reuse of old buildings
•Smog Alert System •Architects NGOs
•G30 Plan (Waste Management) and facilities
•Co-Do 30 (Various Environmental •Smart grid system
Action Agreement) •Public transit network
•Creative City Yokohama Plan system
•MM21 Agreement (Urban Planning) •Land relocation
•Urban Design/Land use
planning in MM21 area
Kawasaki overview
• Center of the Keihin
industrial region,
the largest
industrial region of
Japan
• Kawasaki Eco-town
(accumulation of
industries for
recycling and
environmental
friendly products)
since 1997
• Severe air, soil and
water pollutions in
the past and the
 Assets of Kawasaki
Success Stories
・ Conquering SO2 pollution
•Controlling transport sector emissions (NOx, PM)
•Creating Material Recycling Town (Kawasaki Eco Town) and
recruitment of related industries

nstitutional Assets
awasaki Pollution Lawsuit
ollutionSocial
prevention plan
Assets
Technological
ight municipal
•Kawasaki Assets　
government
Pollution
eaders
Kawasakisummit for the monitoring
city pollution
Lawsuit transport center
ector
End of emissions
pipe technologies
•Citizen initiated Ohisama (Mr. Sun) Solar Power Station
Reduction of the sulfur
awasaki •Environmental
Collaboration content
with of heavy Institute
National oil for Environmental Studies
Fuel conversion
nstitute •
5R” technologies
“nvironmental of Kawasaki Eco-town (reuse of waste plastics, recycle of electr
pollution control
inancial mechanism
awasaki Ecotown Plan
Accumulation on Research and Development in
Kawasaki

ものづくり中小企業
研究開発型企業等
R&D: 225 places in total
サイエンスパーク
川崎市の資料より引用
xamples on Material Recycling Facilitie
Recycling of Cement Recycling concrete from plastic
Ammonium creation from waste
Dei si Corporation waste, recycling of panels, recycling
plastic, Showa Electric

廃プラスチ
Corporation of electric appliances
JFE Group Corporation

（昭和電 Sources made from Kawasak

Recycling of Paper
Sanei Regulator Corporation

Pet to Pet Recycle

Pet Refine Technologies
 d Kawasaki makes multiplier effects to m
YK ECO 2 Bay Region

YOKOHAMA KAWASAKI
Experiences in International
rmation dissemination to environmental
world audiencecooperation

YK ECO 2 - Bay Regi

 Eco - business management
　　　 Increasing globalGrowing More Greening Globalization
nvironmental problemsenvironmen stringent of market of
environment
tal al business
awareness regulations
vironmental awareness Eco - management at Environmental respons
small and medium - sized
enterprises

Self - action plan compliance

sitive side （ opportunities ） Negative side

( risks )
lIncrease in environmental cost
ØNew eco product / service development
lRisk of New eco product market
ØImprovement of enterprise value
lLack of human resource and 　
ØPromotion for eco - business capital
lLack of consumer awareness
ØImprovement Management efficiency
lImproper information disclosure

Source: Made from JEMAI 2009

The possibility of venous and 　 arterial
Venous process 　 Innovation
industry
of new technical

Coupling development & new industry

Arterial process
policy Development of eco-
(Eco Business)
products
Eco -
Investment
System development
of venous process
Collaboration
between Environmental ・ recycling center
・ routing
venous and Gateway toward
arterial ASIA
Industry
Venous
YK ECO 2 -Bay Region industrial
development
Price stable of
resource
Smart consumption and
disposal
Through Review ／ Refine
Our messages for you

Ø5R is the keyword for the

development of the Asia-Pacific
region.
ØWe will contribute to
international
environmental cooperation
through 5R, making the most of
our Consortium system.
ØYK Bay region is the ideal
place for this 5R model and we
 Thank you for your
attention

Contact Us ：
MasazumiAO blue@yokohama-cu.ac.jp
Noriko KONO konon@yokohama-cu.ac.jp