Living

Living things
things run
run
on
on batteries.
batteries.
 FERMENTATION

The incomplete
breakdown of
organic compounds
without oxygen
 OXIDATIVE
RESPIRATION

C6H12 O6+6O2→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP

 Anaerobic Energy
Metabolism
Takes place in the cytoplasm.

Produces a net yield of only 2 ATP

molecules for each glucose burned
 Aerobic
Aerobic
Energy
Energy
Metabolism
Metabolism
Takes
Takes place
place in
in
mitochondria.
mitochondria.

Produces
Produces 30
30
(or
(or more)
more) ATP
ATP
molecules
molecules for
for each
each
glucose
glucose burned
burned
Key points:
The fixed positions of the membrane proteins
in both chloroplasts and mitochondria are essential
to organelle function.

Each space in both of these organelles has a

unique function.
Why would the DNA in
the mitochondria and
the chloroplasts be
different from the DNA
in the nucleus?
 ENDOSYMBIOSIS
HYPOTHESIS
1st eukaryotes were formed
by the symbiosis of several
prokaryotes
Endosymb ios
is

Hypothesis
ENDOSYMBIOSIS
HYPOTHESIS
Proposed by
Lynn Margulis
Anatomy
How
How was
was the
the anatomy
anatomy
of
of the
the mitochondrion
mitochondrion
determined?
determined?

Under
Under low
low osmotic
osmotic
conditions,
conditions, the
the
mitochondrial
mitochondrial membrane
membrane
ruptures.
ruptures.

Differential
Differential centrifugation
centrifugation
of
of the
the resultant
resultant mixture,
mixture,
followed
followed byby aa density
density
gradient
gradient centrifugation
centrifugation
can
can separate
separate thethe
different
different organelle
organelle parts.
parts.
 Outer Membrane

Contains
Contains many
many
copies
copies of
of aa transport
transport
protein
protein called
called porin
porin and
and
thus,
thus, is
is very
very permiable.
permiable.

Marker
Marker enzyme:
enzyme:
monoamine
monoamine oxidase
oxidase
Both
Both mitochondria
mitochondria
and
and chloroplasts
chloroplasts
derive
derive energy
energy from
from
aa chemiosmotic
chemiosmotic
gradient
gradient across
across
the
the organelle
organelle
membrane.
membrane.
The
The pH
pH inside
inside the
the mitochondrion
mitochondrion is
is 8.
8.
(The
(The [H ] is 10 molar.)
[H ]
++
is 10 --
88
molar.)

The
The pH
pH in
in the
the cytoplasm
cytoplasm is
is 7.
7.
(The
(The [H ] is 10 molar.)
[H ]
++
is 10--
77
molar.)

Thus,
Thus, the H concentration
the H ++
concentration is
is 10
10 xx
higher
higher outside
outside the
the mitochondrion.
mitochondrion.
 The
The enzyme
enzyme which
which makes
makes ATP
ATP isis called
called ATP
ATP
synthase,
synthase, oror ATPase,
ATPase, and
and sits
sits on
on the
the
mitochondria
mitochondria in in animal
animal cells
cells or
or chloroplasts
chloroplasts in
in
plant
plant cells
cells
ATP
ATP synthase
synthase --
an
an exceptional
exceptional
molecular
molecular
machine
machine
 In Boyer's model, the key to this process is a tiny
shaft running through the middle of a barrel-like
portion of the enzyme. A flow of protons through the
membrane makes the shaft spin, which sucks in raw
materials and blows out the fresh ATP.
http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/mom/nobel1997/atpsynthase.html
ATP CATALYSIS begins when protons pass through the
part of the enzyme ATP synthase that lies in the cell
membrane, causing it to turn (left). The central core
(red) then rotates inside the top half of the enzyme
(purple). This region holds an ATP molecule (1) and pulls
in ADP and an inorganic phosphate group, Pi (2). As the
core rotates, the subunit with ATP loosens, and the
section holding ADP closes (3). The original ATP molecule
is released, and a new one is formed from ADP (4). The
cycle repeats. http://www.sciam.com/1998/0198issue/0198nobel.html
This
Thisrevolving
revolvingsite
sitemechanism
mechanism
would
wouldrequire
requirerates
ratesas
ashigh
highas
as100
100
revolutions
revolutionsper
persecond.
second.
 Researchers
Researchers from from Japan
Japan "anchored
"anchored molecules
molecules of of F1-
F1-
ATPase
ATPase to to aa glass
glass slide
slide and
and -- like
like putting
putting aa flag
flag on
on top
top ofof
aa pole
pole -- attached
attached aa long,
long, fluorescent
fluorescent filament
filament ofof actin
actin toto
the
the end
end ofof the
the drive
drive shaft.
shaft. By
By bathing
bathing the the enzyme
enzyme in in
ATP,
ATP, the
the researchers
researchers made made F1-ATPase
F1-ATPase break break down
down thethe
energy
energy molecule
molecule andand watched
watched as as itit whirled
whirled the
the
fluorescent
fluorescent filament
filament around
around like
like aa propeller.
propeller.
 Why
Why is
is mitochondrial
mitochondrial
inheritance
inheritance maternal?
maternal?
 Some
Some interesting
interesting facts
facts
about
about the
the human
human
mitochondrial
mitochondrial genome.
genome.

Mamalian
Mamalian mitochondria
mitochondria have
have their
their own
own genetic
genetic
code.
code. For
For example:
example:

UGA
UGA usually
usually == STOP
STOP
in
in mamalian
mamalian mitochondria,
mitochondria, itit means
means trp
trp

The
The aging
aging process
process is
is linked
linked to
to mutations
mutations in
in
mitochondrial
mitochondrial DNA.
DNA.

There
There is
is very
very dense
dense packing
packing of
of genes
genes in
in
mitochondrial
mitochondrial DNA.
DNA.
 Endosymbiotic
Endosymbiotic origins
origins
of
of chloroplasts
chloroplasts
and
and mitochondria
mitochondria

Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are
are related
related to
to photosynthetic
photosynthetic bacteria.
bacteria.

Mitochondria
Mitochondria are
are related
related to
to the
the purple
purple bacteria.
bacteria.