Reservoir Simulation: Introduction To ECLIPSE

Reservoir Simulation
Introduction to ECLIPSE
© IFP
ARCS2: Advanced Reservoir Characterization & Simulation

Introduction to ECLIPSE
Content
 General informations
 Section header keywords
 Keywords in sections
 Datafile structure
 Running simulation
 Visualization of results
 Exercise
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Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,
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General Informations
What is ECLIPSE 100?
 ECLIPSE 100 is a fully-implicit, three phase, three dimensional, general purpose

black oil simulator with gas condensate option.
 ECLIPSE 100 can be used to simulate 1, 2 or 3 phase systems. Two phase

options are solved as two component systems. In addition to gas dissolving in
oil (variable bubble point pressure or gas/oil ratio), ECLIPSE 100 may also be
used to model oil vaporizing in gas (variable dew point pressure or oil/gas
ratio).
 Both corner-point and conventional block-center geometry options are

available in ECLIPSE. Radial and Cartesian block-center options are available in
1, 2 or 3 dimensions.
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How to start?
 To run simulation you need an input file with all data concerning reservoir and
process of its exploitation.
 Input data for ECLIPSE is prepared in free format using a keyword system. Any
standard editor may be used to prepare the input file. Alternatively ECLIPSE
Office may be used to prepare data interactively through panels, and submit
runs.
 The name of input file has to be in the following format: FILENAME.DATA

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Input data file
 An ECLIPSE data input file is split into sections, each of which is introduced by a
section-header keyword. A list of all section-header keywords is given in
following, together with a brief description of the contents of each section and
examples of keywords using in file code.
 Note that all keywords in input file have to be in proper order.
 The keywords in the input data file (including section-header keywords) are
each of up to 8 characters in length and must start in column 1. All characters
up to column 8 are significant. Any characters on the same line as a keyword
from column 9 onwards will be treated as a comment.
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Section-header keywords
List of section-header keywords in proper order:
RUNSPEC
GRID
EDIT
PROPS
REGIONS
SOLUTIO
N
SUMMAR
Y
SCHEDUL
E
 The sections must be specified in the shown order.
 It is recommended that the body of sections which are not frequently changed be held in separate files which are included in
the data using the INCLUDE keyword.
 A data record has to be ended with a slash [/]
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RUNSPEC Status: REQUIRED
 Title, problem dimensions, switches, phases present, components etc.
GRID Status: REQUIRED
 The GRID section determines the basic geometry of the simulation grid and
various rock properties (porosity, absolute permeability, net-to-gross ratios) in
each grid cell.
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EDIT Status: OPTIONAL
 Modifications to calculated pore volumes, grid block centre depths and

transmissibilities.
PROPS Status: REQUIRED
 Tables of properties of reservoir rock and fluids as functions of fluid pressures,

saturations and compositions (density, viscosity, relative permeability,
capillary pressure etc.). Contains the equation of state description in
compositional runs.
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REGIONS Status: OPTIONAL
 Splits computational grid into regions for calculation of:

 PVT properties (fluid densities and viscosities): PVTNUM
 saturation properties (relative permeabilities and capillary pressures): SATNUM
 initial conditions, (equilibrium pressures and saturations): EQLNUM
 fluids in place (fluid in place and inter-region flows): FIPNUM
 If this section is omitted, all grid blocks are put in region 1.
SOLUTION Status: REQUIRED

 Specification of initial conditions in reservoir may be:
 calculated using specified fluid contact depths to give potential equilibrium
 read from a restart file set up by an earlier run
 specified by the user for every grid block (not recommended for general use)
 This section contains sufficient data to define the initial state (pressure,
saturations, compositions) of every grid block in the reservoir.
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SUMMARY Status: REQUIRED
 Specification of data to be written to the Summary file after each time step.
Necessary if certain types of graphical output (for example water-cut as a
function of time) are to be generated after the run has finished. If this section
is omitted no Summary files are created.
SCHEDULE Status: REQUIRED

 Specifies the operations to be simulated (production and injection controls and
constraints) and the times at which output reports are required. Vertical flow
performance curves and simulator tuning parameters may also be specified in
the SCHEDULE section.
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Keywords in sections
RUNSPEC section
TITLE title
DIMENS number of blocks in X,Y,Z directions
OIL, WATER, GAS, the active phases present

VAPOIL, DISGAS
FIELD/METRIC/LA
B unit convention
WELLDIM
S well and group dimensions
UNIFIN indicates that input files are unified
UNIFOUT indicates that output files are unified
START start date of the simulation

data checking only, with no
NOSIM simulation
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GRID section
depths of top faces of grid blocks for the current box; data is
TOPS taken from Structure map, and geological model from PETREL
X,Y,Z-direction grid block sizes for the current box; data is taken
DX, DY, DZ from Isopac map, and geological model from PETREL
X,Y,Z-direction permeabilities for the current box; data is taken

PERMX, PERMY, PERMZ from Isopac map, and geological model from PETREL
grid block porosities for the current box; data is taken from
PORO Isopac map, and geological model from PETREL
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PROPS section
water relative permeability and capillary
SWFN
pressure as functions of Sw
saturation tables
oil relative permeability as a function of So
SOF3 from special
in three phase system core analysis
gas relative permeability and capillary
SGFN
pressure as functions of Sg
FVF and viscosity of live oil as functions of

PVTO
pressure and Rs
reservoir fluid
FVF and viscosity of wet gas as functions of properties from
PVTG
pressure and Rv PVT analysis
PVTW FVF, compressibility and viscosity of water
DENSITY stock tank fluid densities NEX

T
REMOV
ROCKSimulationrock compressibility
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REGIONS section
FIPNUM fluid-in-place regions
SATNUM saturation table regions
EQLNUM equilibration regions
PVTNUM PVT data regions

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SOLUTION section
fluid contact depths and other equilibration

EQUIL
parameters; data taken from well testing
RESTART name of the restart file
RPTSOL report switches for SOLUTION data

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Aquifers
Numerical:
WOC discretization
WOC
WOC
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Modelling Aquifers
Types of aquifer models
 Gridding
 Numerical Aquifers
 Closed
 Analytical Aquifers
 Fetkovich
 Carter Tracy
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Aquifers
Eclipse keywords: Numerical
RUNSPEC
In order to use the facility, the maximum number of numerical aquifer blocks
and the maximum number of lines of connection data in AQUCON should be
set using the RUNSPEC section keyword AQUDIMS.
GRID
AQUCON connects a numerical aquifer (declared using the AQUNUM
keyword) to one or more reservoir cells. The connection to the reservoir is set
up by an arbitrary box defined by lower and upper I, J and K indices.
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Aquifers
Eclipse keywords
Numerical
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Aquifers
Eclipse keywords
Fetkovich
RUNSPEC
In order to use the facility, the maximum number of analytic aquifers and the
maximum number of grid block connected to any single analytic aquifer
should be set using the RUNSPEC section keyword AQUDIMS.
SOLUTION
The aquifer properties (C, ρ , Pi, depth, PI, etc.) should be defined using
keyword AQUFETP, and the aquifer connections to one or more faces of the
reservoir should be made through the keyword AQUANCON.
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Aquifers
Eclipse keywords: Fetkovich
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Aquifers
Eclipse keywords: Carter Tracy
RUNSPEC
In order to use the facility, the maximum number of analytic aquifers and the maximum
number of grid block connected to any single analytic aquifer should be set using the
RUNSPEC section keyword AQUDIMS.
PROPS
The aquifer should also be given a table number for the influence function table that it
should use. Influence function tables may be supplied with the AQUTAB keyword in the
PROPS section. Eclipse has a built-in default influence function table (# 1), which
represents the constant terminal rate solution for an infinite aquifer as given by van
Everdingen and Hurst.
SOLUTION
The aquifer properties (C, ρ , Pi, depth, R, etc.) should be defined using keyword AQUCT,
and the aquifer connections to one or more faces of the reservoir should be made using the
keyword AQUANCON.
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Aquifers
Eclipse keywords
Carter Tracy
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SUMMARY section
Fxxx Field quantities
Gxxx Group quantities
Rxxx Region quantities
Wxxx Well quantities
Cxxx Connection quantities
Bxxx Block quantities

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SUMMARY section
FOPT WOPT Field or Well Oil Production Total
FOPR WOPR Field or Well Oil Production Rate
FGOR WGOR Field or Well Gas-Oil Ratio

FWCT WWCT Field or Well Water Cut
FWIR WWIR Field or Well Water Injection Rate
FWIT WWIT Field or Well Water Injection Total
FOIP Field Oil in Place
FOE Field Oil Efficiency
FPR Field Pressure

Field Fraction Total Oil Produced by Rock
FORFR Compaction
FORFF Field Fraction Total Oil Produced by Free Gas Influx

Field Fraction Total Oil Produced by Water or Gas
FORFW FORFG Influx
Field Fraction Total Oil Produced by Oil Expansion or27Gas
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Reservoir Simulation November th

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FORFE FORFS Expansion
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SUMMARY section
Well Bottom Hole Pressure or Tubing Head

WBHP WTHP Pressure
WBP5 WBP9 Well 5 or 9-Point Pressure Average

Well Productivity Index Based on Value of WBP5 or
WPI5 WPI9 WBP9
Well Oil Production Rate or Oil Production Total
WOPRH WOPTH History
WWCTH WGORH Well Water Cut or GOR History
WMCTL Well Mode Control
TCPU Time of CPU Usage

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SCHEDULE section
report switches to select which simulation results are to be printed at
RPTSCHED report times
TUNING time step and convergence controls

introduces a new well, defining its name, the position of the
wellhead, its bottom hole reference depth and other specification
WELSPECS
data
COMPDAT specifies the position and properties of one or more well

completions; this must be entered after the WELSPECS
WCONPRO
D control data for production wells
NEX
WCONINJE control data for injection wells T
REMOV
WCONHIST observed rates for history matching wells E
TSTEP or advances simulator to new report time(s) or specified report
DATE date(s)
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Reservoir Simulation Modeling
Data review
© IFP
ARCS2: Advanced Reservoir Characterization & Simulation

Well controls: history match
Main Controls
 In
history Matching, observed average rates are known; controls
are simple.
 VFP tables are introduced at the end of history matching process

to ensure the continuity between matching runs (set measured Q)
and prediction runs (limit THP).
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Well controls: forecasting
Main Controls
 Imposed Flow rate

 Oil, Water, Gas, Liquid, Reservoir voidage
 Imposed pressure
 Tubing Head Flowing pressure
 Bottom Hole flowing pressure
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Well controls: forecasting
Secondary Controls
 Flow rates
 Economic limits
 Rates upper limit per phase
 Maximum ratios (Wcut, GOR, WGR)
 Pressures
 BHP and THP limit (lower for a producer, upper for an injector)
 Maximum drawdown
VFP tables are used to relate bottom hole to well head pressures
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Well Constraints
 Technical (well and/or surface facilities)
 Economical
 For the simulator:
 Pressure Target:
 Maximum or imposed
 WHP/BHP
 minimum for producer – maximum for injector
 maximum for some layers
 Rate Target:
 surface: Qo, Qg, QL
 bottom: Qt (history match)
 Secondary constraints: WCT, GOR, P limits

 Monitoring: actions when a constraint is offended
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Group of well Constraints
 Hierarchy: Wells, Groups, Platforms, Field

 Constraints:
 On rates for main phase (economical, contracts, capacity)
 On rates for secondary phase (capacity of flaring, water treatment)
and gas lift rate
 X-dependency: Qproduction = f(Qinjection), Pressure maintenance
 Monitoring:
 Opening of waiting wells
 Shut-in of most water flooded well
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Eclipse keywords
Well definition & controls: SCHEDULE
Section
SCHEDULE
--restart results
RPTRST
--well specification and completion

WELSPECS
COMPDAT
--production constraints
WCONPROD
--timestep management and tolerance criteria

TUNING
DATES
1 'AUG' 2008 /
/
END
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Eclipse keywords
Well definitions
WELSPECS: General specification data for wells
WELSPECS
-- 1 2 3 4 5 6
--name group i j BHP_ref_dep phase
‘P1’ 'PROD' 20 7 2500 'OIL' /
/
 Well P1 belongs to group PROD
 Well head is at i=20, j=7
 BHP reference depth of 2500. Defaults to depth of top-most
connection
 OIL is the preferred phase (used only for PI output)
 Other items can usually be defaulted
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Eclipse keywords
Well completions
COMPDAT: Well completion specification data
COMPDAT
-- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7,8 9 10 11
--name i j k1 k2 status diameter skin
‘P1’ 20 7 3 8 'OPEN' 2* 0.15 1* 2 /
/
 Well P1 is completed in layers 3 to 8 of colum i=20, j=7
 The well bore diameter is 0.15 m and the skin is +2
 Eclipse will compute the connection factor using the Peaceman
formula:
 for a vertical well
 using kh values of the completed cells
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Eclipse keywords
Well completions
COMPDAT
-- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
--name i j k1 k2 status CF diam kh skin direction
‘P1’ 20 7 3 3 'OPEN' 1* 23.47 0.15 /
‘P1’ 20 7 4 4 'OPEN' 1* 6.14 0.15 /
‘P1’ 20 6 4 4 'OPEN' 1* 8.25 0.15 /
‘P1’ 20 6 5 5 'OPEN' 1* 94.70 0.15 520.3 2 1* Z /
/
 P1 is a deviated well crossing columns (20,7) and (20,6) completed
in layers 3 to 5
 The CF have been calculated in SCHEDULE application and input in
item 8
 the well bore diameter must be given
 kh, skin and direction of penetration may be given for information
November 27 as in
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Eclipse keywords
Production Well Controls
WCONPROD : Control data for production wells
WCONPROD
-- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
--name status control Qos Qws Qgs Qls Qfond BHPlim THPlim VFP
‘P1’ 'OPEN' 'ORAT' 500 300 1000 1* 1* 50 15 1 /
/
 Well P1 has a target oil rate of 500, subject to:
 Maximum water rate of 300.
 Maximum gas rate of 1000.
 Minimum BHP of 50.
 Minimum THP of 15
 VFP table 1 applies to this well.
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Eclipse keywords
Well Economic Constraints
WECON : Economic limit data for production wells
WECON
-- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
--name Qomin Qgmin maxWCT maxGOR maxWGR action
‘P1’ 50 1* 0.8 1* 1* ‘CON’ /
/
 Well P1 is subject to:
 A minimum oil rate of 50 sbpd: connections of P1 will be closed if this
rate cannot be met.
 A maximum water cut of 0.8: the connections with the highest WCT will
be closed
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Eclipse keywords
Injection Constraints
 Injectors are controlled by:

 Target rate: surface or reservoir rate of the injected fluid.
(target rate subject to minimum BHP)
 Fixed pressure: BHP or THP
(target BHP subject to maximum rate)
 ECLIPSE will always honour the most constraining limit

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Eclipse keywords
Injection Well Controls
WCONINJE : Control data for injection wells
WCONINJE
-- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
--name phase status control Qs Qres BHPlim THPlim VFP
‘I1’ 'WATER' 'OPEN' THP 1000 1* 300 40 2 /
/
 Well I1 injects water at THP = 400 bar, subject to:

 Maximum rate of 1000 sm3/d.
 Maximum BHP of 300 bar.
 VFP table 2 applies to this well.
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Eclipse keywords
Other well controls
WELOPEN: Opens and closes both wells and completions.
WELOPEN
--name action
‘P1’ 'OPEN' / opens P1, does not alter completions
'P2' 'STOP' / closes P2 but allows cross-flow
‘P3’ 'OPEN' 0 0 0 / opens all completions in P3
‘P4’ 'SHUT' 0 0 2 / closes all completions in P4 in layer 2
‘P5’ 'SHUT' 0 0 0 4 6 / closes completion 4, 5 and 6 of P5
/
 Opening a well and its completions requires 2 lines.
 Possible well status: OPEN, SHUT, STOP or AUTO
 Possible completion status: OPEN, SHUT or AUTO
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Eclipse keywords
Other well controls
WEFAC: Defines well activity or efficiency factor (downtime).
WEFAC
-- 1 2
--name efficiency
‘P1’ 0.95 /
/
 The well P1 is 95% of the time on production, for example to model
shut-down of 1 day each month.
 Well rates and pressures are calculated using full rate, group rates
and all cumulatives account for the efficiency factor.
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Eclipse keywords
Concluding remarks
 Output complete information about well connections to the PRT
file:
RPTSCHED
WELSPECS /
 The basic Eclipse well model is:
 Usually acceptable for vertical and deviated wells.
 Acceptable for horizontal wells if frictional losses in the drain are
negligible: use the well-bore friction option.
 Not usually acceptable for complex, multi-branch wells: use the Multi-
segmented Well (MSW) option.
 Always try to calibrate simulated well productivity against
measured or calculated values
 ATENTION:
ATENTION Setting a large CF to avoid problems often leads to
convergence problems
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Eclipse keywords
Timestep management and convergence
TUNING: Sets simulator control parameters.
Record 1: Time stepping controls
Record 2: Time truncation and convergence controls
Record 3: Control of Newton and linear iterations
TUNING
1 50 0.1 / Timestep = 1 day, upper limit of next timestep = 50 days, and
minimum length of all timesteps
/
1* 1* 25 / Minimun & maximum number of Newton iteration defaulted,
and maximum number of linear iteration = 25
NEXTSTEP: Sets a maximum length of the next time step

(useful when opening a well)
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Datafile structure
Repeat
counts
 In the data following a keyword, asterisks may be used to signify repeat counts. A data
quantity can be repeated a required number of times by preceding it with the required number
and an asterisk.
 There must be no intervening blank spaces next to the asterisk on either side.
RPTSCHED
 For example, the two following cases are equivalent: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 0 0 2 /
RPTSCHED
11*0 2 2*0 2 /
Comments
 Any lines beginning with the two characters ‘--’ are treated as comments, and will be ignored
by ECLIPSE. Comment lines (and blank lines also) may be inserted anywhere in the data file.
Comments may also be added to the end of lines of data by beginning the comment with the
two characters ‘--’, but in this case the comments must not contain any quotes.
-- VARIATION OF INITIAL RS WITH DEPTH
--
-- DEPTH RS
RSVD
8200 1.270
8500 1.270 /
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Datafile structure
Default
values
 Certain items of data can be defaulted to a built-in default value. The keyword description
will indicate when defaults can be applied. There are two ways of setting quantities to their
default values:
1. by ending a data record prematurely with a slash (/) the quantities remaining
unspecified will be set to their default values.
2. selected quantities positioned before the slash can be defaulted by entering n* where n
is the number of consecutive quantities to be defaulted. For example, 4* will cause the
next FOUR quantities in the keyword data to be given their default values. There must
be no blank space between the number and the asterisk. If there is only one item at a
time to be defaulted, then 1* must be entered (an asterisk by itself is not sufficient).
WCONPROD
'PRODUCER' 'OPEN' 'ORAT' 20000 4* 1000 /
/
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Running simulation
There are two ways to launch simulation:
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Running simulation
 The simulation will start. While the model is running, status
reports will be written to the file FILENAME.PRT. If input file was
not prepared properly the simulation would stop and then you
can check for errors on FILENAME.PRT file and try to correct
them.
 When the run is finished,

your folder contains the following
FILENAME.DBG
files:  FILENAME.EGRID
 FILENAME.PRT
 FILENAME.INIT
 FILENAME.SMSPEC
 FILENAME.UNRST
 FILENAME.UNSMRY
 FILENAME.RSSPEC
 FILENAME.INSPEC
 Next step is visualization of obtained results

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Visualization of results
Output files
FILENAME.PRT Script file with errors report
Field, well, block performances in OFFICE

FILENAME.SMSPEC application
FILENAME.EGRID 3D view in FLOVIZ

application
FILENAME.INIT
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Field, well, block performances in OFFICE
Output files OFFICE application
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Output files FLOVIZ 3D view in FLOVIZ application
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ECLIPSE exercise
Objectives
 Simulate the behavior of a development well
 Optimize its location
 Data review
 Flow simulations
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ECLIPSE exercise
Items to be investigated
 Production mecanisms: natural depletion, gas
cap drive, water influx and water injection
 Well's location: 9 possible locations for
producer and 2 possible locations for injector
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Rhombo exercise
Top of the reservoir

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Rhombo exercise
x-z cross section geometry
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Rhombo exercise
Possible wells location
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Rhombo exercise
Reservoir layering
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Rhombo exercise
Oil PVT functions
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Rhombo exercise
Gas PVT functions
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Rhombo exercise
Water – oil Special Core Analysis
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Rhombo exercise
Gas – oil Special Core Analysis
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Rhombo exercise
Tasks
 Look at the ECLIPSE data file

 Simulate different scenarii and visualize results: 2D,
3D
 Compare at each case: oil recovery, water
breaktrough, water cut, GOR and pressure.
 Check the ECLIPSE data: Initial fluids in place (check
material balance) and calculate the well PI and the
expected drawdown at the well.
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Rhombo exercise
Work to do...
 Fluids:
 Calculate oil and gas compressibility in reservoir conditions.
 Saturation functions:
 Calculate water oil & gas oil mobility ratio at saturation pressure
 Initial state:
 Give the original fluids in place (oil, gas & water) in reservoir and stock conditions. Are
they compatible with PVT and SCAL data.
 Natural depletion:
 Calculate the contribution of rock compaction & fluid expansion to reservoir voidage (if
there is no aquifer).
 Well performance:
 Calculate the well productivity assuming a skin of 7.
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Reservoir Simulation: Introduction To ECLIPSE

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Reservoir Simulation

ARCS2: Advanced Reservoir Characterization & Simulation

Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,

 ECLIPSE 100 is a fully-implicit, three phase, three dimensional, general purpose

 ECLIPSE 100 can be used to simulate 1, 2 or 3 phase systems. Two phase

 Both corner-point and conventional block-center geometry options are

Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,

 The name of input file has to be in the following format: FILENAME.DATA

Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,

 Note that all keywords in input file have to be in proper order.

Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,

Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,

RUNSPEC Status: REQUIRED

 Title, problem dimensions, switches, phases present, components etc.

GRID Status: REQUIRED

Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,

EDIT Status: OPTIONAL

 Modifications to calculated pore volumes, grid block centre depths and

PROPS Status: REQUIRED

 Tables of properties of reservoir rock and fluids as functions of fluid pressures,

Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,

 Splits computational grid into regions for calculation of:

SOLUTION Status: REQUIRED

Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,

SUMMARY Status: REQUIRED

SCHEDULE Status: REQUIRED

Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,

DIMENS number of blocks in X,Y,Z directions

OIL, WATER, GAS, the active phases present

UNIFIN indicates that input files are unified

UNIFOUT indicates that output files are unified

START start date of the simulation

Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,

X,Y,Z-direction permeabilities for the current box; data is taken

Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,

FVF and viscosity of live oil as functions of

PVTW FVF, compressibility and viscosity of water

DENSITY stock tank fluid densities NEX

Reservoir E November 27th ,

FIPNUM fluid-in-place regions

SATNUM saturation table regions

EQLNUM equilibration regions

PVTNUM PVT data regions

Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,

fluid contact depths and other equilibration

RESTART name of the restart file

RPTSOL report switches for SOLUTION data

Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,

Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,

Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,

Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,

Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,

Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,

Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,

Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,

Reservoir Simulation November 27th ,

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