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Number System
Any number greater than 1, which has exactly two factors (1 and itself)
is called a prime number.
The only even prime number is 2. All prime numbers greater than 3 can
be expressed in the form of 6n 1, where n is a positive integer.
(2) Ignore the decimal part of the square root, consider only the integral
part.
(3) Find all the prime integers less than or equal to the integral part of the
square root.
(4) Check whether the given number is divisible by any of these prime
numbers.
(5) If the given number is not divisible by any of these prime numbers
then it is a prime number, otherwise it is not a prime number.
Examples:
(iii) Find all the prime integers less than or equal to the integral part of the
square root.
Prime integers less than or equal to 24 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, and
23.
(iv) Check whether the given number is divisible by any of these prime
numbers.
577 is not divisible by any of the above prime numbers 2, 3, 5, 7, 11,
13, 17, 19, and 23.
(v) If the given number is not divisible by any of these prime numbers
then it is a prime
number, otherwise it is not a prime number.
So, 577 is a prime integer.
Note:
If n is a prime number then, 2n – 1 is also a prime number.
Example: 223 – 1 is a prime number since 23 is a prime number.
210 – 1 is not a prime number since 10 is not a prime number.
An integer p > 1 is prime if, and only if, the term (p-1)! + 1 is divisible by p.
This is known as Wilson’s theorem.
Example: 8 and 27 are co-prime, but 8 and 36 are not co-prime because
both are divisible by 4.
Divisible by 2:
A number is divisible by 2, if the last digit is an even number.
Examples:
(a) Consider 1678
The last digit is 8, which is an even number. So, the number is divisible by
2.
Divisible by 3:
A number is divisible by 3, if the sum of its individual digits is a multiple
of 3.
Examples:
(a) Consider 117
The sum of its individual digits is 1 + 1 + 7 = 9, which is a multiple of 3.
So, the number is divisible by 3.
Divisible by 4:
A number is divisible by 4, if the last two digits are divisible by 4.
Examples:
(a) Consider 46728
The last two digits, i.e. 28, are divisible by 4. So, the number is divisible by 4.
(b) Consider 65737
The last two digits, i.e. 37, are not divisible by 4. So, the number is not
divisible by 4.
Divisible by 5:
Examples:
(a) Consider 20505
The last digit is 5. So, the number is divisible by 5.
(b) Consider 263
The last digit is 3. So, the number is not divisible by 5.
Divisible by 7:
• Example-
• Find the divisibility rule of 19. The lowest multiple of 17, which is closest
to any multiple of 10 is 51 = 10(5) + 1.
• Therefore, the divisibility rule is A – 5B.
Divisible by 9:
A number is divisible by 9, if the sum of its individual digits is a
multiple of 9.
Examples:
(a) Consider 1521.
The sum of its individual digits is 1 + 5 + 2 + 1 = 9, which is a multiple
of 9. So, the number is divisible by 9.
(b) Consider 16873
The sum of its individual digits is 1 + 6 + 8 + 7 + 3 = 25, which is not a
multiple of 9. So, the number is not divisible by 9.
Divisible by 10:
A number is divisible by 10, if the last digit is 0.
Examples:
(a) Consider 2500
The last digit is 0. So, it is divisible by 10.
(b) Consider 679
The last digit is not 0. So, it is not divisible by 10.
Divisible by 11:
To find out if a number is divisible by 11:
(1) Find the sum of its digits at even places
(2) Find the sum of its digits at odd places
(3) Find the difference between the above two sums in steps (1) and
(2)
(4) If the difference is either 0 or a multiple of 11, then the number is
divisible by 11.
Examples:
(a) Consider 34155
(1) The sum of its digits in odd places i.e. 3 + 1 + 5 = 9
(2) The sum of its digits in even places i.e. 4 + 5 = 9
(3) The difference is 9 – 9 = 0
(4) Since, the difference is 0, the number is divisible by 11.
Divisible by 13:
To find out if a number is divisible by 13:
(1) Find four times the last digit of the number.
(2) Add it to the remaining leading truncated number.
(3) Repeat the above process until necessary.
(4) If the result is divisible by 13, then the given number is divisible
by 13.
(iv) If the result is divisible by 13, then the given number is divisible by
13.
Clearly, 26 is divisible by 13, hence the given number is divisible by
13.
(b) Consider 113774
11377 + 16 = 11393
1139 + 12 = 1151
Divisible by 17:
To find out if a number is divisible by 17:
(1) Find five times the last digit of the number.
(2) Subtract it from the remaining leading truncated number.
(3) Repeat the above process until necessary.
(4) If the result is divisible by 17, then the given number is divisible
by 17.
Examples:
(a) Consider 1523557
(i) Find five times the last digit of the number.
5 * 7 = 35
(ii) Subtract it from the remaining leading truncated number.
152355 – 35 = 152320
(iii) Repeat the above process until necessary.
15232 – 0 = 15232
1523 – 10 = 1513
151 – 15 = 136
(iv) If the result is divisible by 17, then the given number is divisible
by 17.
Clearly, 136 is divisible by 17, hence the given number is divisible by
17.
(b) Consider 148761
14876 – 5 = 14871
1487 – 5 = 1482
148 – 10 = 138
Clearly, 138 is not divisible by 17, hence the given number is not
divisible by 17.
Divisible by 19:
To find out if a number is divisible by 19:
(1) Double the last digit of the number.
(2) Add it to the remaining leading truncated number.
(3) Repeat the above process until necessary.
(4) If the result is divisible by 19, then the given number is divisible
by 19.
Divisible by 20:
Any number is divisible by 20, if the tens digit is even and the last digit
is 0.
Examples:
(a) Consider 34140
Here, the tens digit is even and the last digit is zero.
So, the given number is divisible by 20.
b) Consider 5678000
Here, the tens digit is even and the last digit is zero.
So, the given number is divisible by 20.
(c) Consider 8472847
Here, the tens digit is even but the last digit is not zero
So, the given number is not divisible by 20.
(d) Consider 8374670
Here, the last digit is zero but the tens digit is not even
So, the given number is not divisible by 20.
• In this method, we will be considering two factors, the first one being
the value of n, and the second one being the sign ‘+’ or ‘-‘. The value
of ‘n’ signifies how many digits will be taken one at a time, and the
sign signifies in what manner these digits will be taken. Let us see this
with the help of some examples.
• When n = 2.
Case 1: 10n + 1 = 101.
Since the value of ‘n’ here is two, we will make pairs of digits from the
right hand side, and then we will alternately subtract and add each of
the pairs.
Example- To check if 13458975 is divisible by 101, we use the above
method.
• Let us make the pairs first- 45 26 28. Now add the pairs, 45 + 26 + 28
= 99. This is divisible by 99. Hence the number 452628 is divisible by
99.
• And so on, we follow this method for any natural number n.
• Divisible by 6:
• A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by its co-prime factors i.e. 2
and 3.
• Examples:
• (a) Consider 174
• It is divisible by both 2 and 3. So, it is divisible by 6.
• (b) Consider 3194
• It is divisible by 2, but it is not divisible by 3. So, it is not divisible by
6.
• Divisible by 12:
• A number is divisible by 12, if it is divisible by its co-prime factors i.e.
3 and 4.
• Examples:
• (a) Consider 1716
• It is divisible by both 3 and 4. So, it is divisible by 12.
• (b) Consider 220
• It is not divisible by 3. So, it is not divisible by 12.
• Divisible by 14:
• A number is divisible by 14, if it is divisible by its co-prime factors i.e.
7 and 2.
• Examples:
• (a) Consider 490
• It is divisible by both 7 and 2. So, it is divisible by 14.
• (b) Consider 1090
• It is not divisible by 7. So, it is not divisible by 14.
• Divisible by 15:
• A number is divisible by 15, if it is divisible by its co-prime factors i.e.
5 and 3.
• Examples:
• (a)Consider 975
• It is divisible by both 5 and 3. So, it is divisible by 15.
• (b) Consider 2170
It is not divisible by 3. So, it is not divisible by 15.
• Divisible by 18:
• A number is divisible by 18, if it is divisible by its co-prime factors i.e.
2 and 9.
• Examples:
• (a)Consider 106128
• It is divisible by both 2 and 9. So, it is divisible by 18.
• (b) Consider 154724
It is divisible by 2 but the sum of its individual digits = 1 + 5 + 4 + 7 +
2 + 4 = 23, which is not divisible by 9; hence the given number is not
divisible by 9.
• So, it is not divisible by 18.
• Example:
1) On dividing 186947 by 163, the remainder is 149. Find the quotient.
• Factors of a number N are one or more numbers that divide the number
N without a remainder (i.e. the remainder left is zero.)
• Example: Factors of 15 = 15, 5, 3, 1
Factors of 20 = 20, 10, 5, 2, 1
• If there are one or more numbers that divide the number N without a
remainder (i.e. the remainder left is zero), then N is called the multiple
of those numbers.
• Example:
• 1) Factors of 15 = 15, 5, 3, 1
Thus 15 is a multiple of 5, 3, 1
• 1. Factorisation method:
Find all the prime factors of the given numbers.
Express the given numbers as the product of the prime factors.
The product of least powers of common prime factors is the GCD of
the given numbers.
• Example:
1) Find the GCD of 45 and 75
Prime factors of 45 = 3 * 3 * 5 = 32 * 5
Prime factors of 75 = 3 * 5 * 5 = 3 * 52
Thus the GCD of 45 and 75 is 3 * 5 = 15
• The least common multiple of any two or more distinct numbers is the
smallest natural number that is exactly divisible by each one of the
given numbers.
• Example:
• Note:
HCF * LCM = product of numbers
• Example:
The HCF of two numbers is 12 and their LCM is 72. If one of the
numbers is 24, find the other.
Solution: Let the required number be x. then,
HCF * LCM = product of numbers
12 * 72 = 24 * x
Example:
Find the number of zeroes in a product 25 * 33 * 52 * 72
In the above product, there are five 2’s and two 5’s.
Thus only two pairs of (2 * 5) are formed.
Thus the number of zeroes at the end of the product is 2.
• Examples:
1) Convert (615)10 into a binary number.
• Examples:
= (1A)16