03/25/11

PO OR NIMA IN STI TUTE OF

E N GIN EERI NG AND TEC HNO L O G Y
Department of Electronics and
Communication

Arrayed Waveguide Gratings

Based dwdm
Presented By: Sachin Agrawal
B.Tech -IV year

Guided by: Mr. K. R. Prajapat

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW OF ARRAYED WAVEGUIDE

GRATINGS

DWDM

APPLCATIONS AND DESIGN

CONCLUSION

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OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS

s a popular carrier of long distance communications due to its:

eed,
d

t:

problems in fiber, limits the practical speed and distance of communication.

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the Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
ation
l fiber still force a compromise between transmission distance and bandwidth,
peed signals at intervals using opto-electronic repeaters

lving the dispersion problem in this manner is expensive, due to the

ditional cost of high-speed electronics, and maintaining and upgrading the link is
de more difficult and costly (especially with a buried or under-water link).

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DENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (DWDM)
gant solution is found using
VELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (DWDM),
fectively increases the useable bandwidth in a system without electronic repeater

mbine multiple optical signals operating at different wavelengths into a single f

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thers, can be independent in protocol, speed, and direction of communicati

e where signals are routed according to wavelength without the need for e

d more flexible

ods.

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ARRAYED WAVEGUIDE GRATING (AWG)
OPERATION PRINCIPLES
Arrayed Waveguide Gratings (AWGs) are optical wavelength
(de)multiplexers used in DWDM. As well as performing basic (de)multiplexing
functions, they can be combined with other components to create add/drop
Multiplexers.

The Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) plays a crucial role in the realization of
modern optical networks.

Structure of The AWG

The input (a) consists of several
channels, typically between 8 and 40 in commercial devices, carried on separa
frequencies. Channel spacing of 100GHz or 50 GHz are common in commercial
Devices.

The operational wavelength is commonly around 1.55μm where attenuation is l

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PRINCIPLE OF DWDM TECHNOLOGY

to detector at receiving end.

ansmission of signal.
sion makes use of only a small portion of the entire optical band and re
wavelength according to the DWDM standards and then combined in such a
is no interference from adjacent channels.

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DWDM FUNCTIONAL SCHEMATIC

width that carries the digital data, modulated as an analog signal.

ssociated with multiplexing and demultiplexing. These loss is dependent upon the

in fiber optic transmission.

ld appear to be simply the opposite of combining the signals. 

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DENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (DWDM)

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An Add / Drop Multiplexer ( ADM ). Made reconfigurable by
using space
division switches

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An Optical Cross Connect ( OXC ) employing a space
division switch for each wavelength . Switch
settings determine where each wavelength is routed .

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DWDM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

For A typical 8-channel DWDM system.

qThe main components are, 
qTP (transponders)
qVOA (variable optical attenuator)
qMUX (multiplexer)
qDE MUX (de multiplexer) OPTICAL FIBRE
qAMPLIFIERS
ØErbium-dropped fiber optic amplifier
ØBooster amplifier
ØPre-amplifier
ØLine amplifier 
qOptical add-drop multiplexer (OADM)

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8-CHANNEL DWDM SYSTEM

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TRANSPONDERS
equipment. It converts the wide pulse signal into a narrow wavelength of the order

ed to wide pulse optical signal.

VARIABLE OPTICAL ATTENUATOR

signal level over EDFA band so that individual channel optical output power of M

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COMBINER & SPLITTER

t the transmission end and again split at receiving end. The combining is done by

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OPTICAL FIBRE AMPLIFIER
re used instead of electrical amplifier. Thus pulse shaping and retiming function

BIUM DOPED FIBRE AMPLIFIER ( EDFA )

), one or more pump lasers, a passive wavelength coupler, optical isolators and tap
tical
ve withsignals . Erbium
typical is a ratio
splitting rare earth element
ranging and
from 99 :1 emits
to 95:5light
. around 1550 nm regi
the amplifier to compare the incoming signal with the amplified output.
ed signal from reflecting back into the device;
noise and decrease the efficiency.

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pending upon the gain, EDFAs are classified into following three categories.
For long haul application.
For very long haul application.
For ultra long haul application.

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e wide band optical signal coming from the out put of MUX.

nt irrespective of the number of channels being loaded to the system.

signal to the distant end supporting the optical safety operation.

nal travel. Attenuation and dispersion are the main limitation factors determining

hop length of long haul and very long haul system respectively.

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ier. With out two stages it is not possible to amplify the signal up to 33dB on ED

or receiving coming from the distant station. Hence the attenuated line signal is

ower optical power with out any optical safety provision, accompanied with and in

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rectional module with facility for dropping or adding optical channel of specific

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ADVANTAGES OF DWDM TECHNOLOGY

xisting DWDM system can be upgraded by deploying higher channel capacity system.
he different wavelengths from different systems can be transmitted simultaneously
red for laying new fiber is much more as compared to equipment deployment time. he

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creasing transmission capacity. In DWDM system, one optical amplifier is used for

is possible to route any wavelength to any station. Thus it is possible to use w

, optical cross connect and wavelength converters.thus, it is possible to reconfig

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DISADVANTAGE

ance in DWDM system is very hard

aintain more stable wavelength or frequency

ntrol of laser transmitter is required in DWDM systems to prevent "drift" off a v

her modulation rates so it makes costly operation

apacity so it tends to be used at a higher level in the communications hierarch

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APPLICATIONS

q Multiplexes more than 400 channels

  at a time
q q
qFaster than time division and frequency division multiplexing
q
qMostly used in fiber optic transmission

qTransmission of e-mail, video, multimedia, data, and voice

q
qAsynchronous transfer mode (ATM)

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CONCLUSION

increasing day by day, especially for data traffic.

ired to provide the bandwidth dynamically and in shortest possible time.

WDM. In future advanced DWDM components will be available.

to manage the optical signal dynamically, which will allow more flexibility to t

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REFERENCES

aha, Shri Nural Anowar, DWDM System & Testing TELECOMMUNICATION March –April 2002

y, Dense Wave Length Division Multiplexing TELECOMMUNICATION November –December 2

tiplexing, IEEE Transactions on Volume 7, Issue 4, July 2008.

on Array Waveguide Grating, Department of Communication

.com

iba.com

ronics.howstuffworks.com

uffworks.com

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QUERIES ?

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