mCode Division Multiple Access.

mis a channel access method

mBoth data and voice are separated from signals

using codes and then transmitted using a wide
frequency range.
mCDMA is the preferred technology for the 3G
generation.
 RDMA: Division by frequency
 each pair of communicators is allocated part of the spectrum
for all of the time
 TDMA: Division by time
 each pair of communicators is allocated all of the spectrum for
part of the time
 CDMA: every communicator will be allocated the entire
spectrum all of the time.
 !
 !seudo-random number codes (pseudo-noise or
! code) can be generated very easily.
A feature of ! codes is that if the same versions of the !
code are time shifted, then they become almost orthogonal,
and can be used as virtually orthogonal codes within a CDMA
system.



 

 Two codes are said to be
orthogonal if when they are multiplied together the result is
added over a period of time they sum to zero. Ror example a
codes 1 -1 -1 1 and 1 -1 1 -1 when multiplied together give 1 1
-1 -1 which gives the sum zero. An example of an orthogonal
code set is the Walsh codes used within the IS95 / CDMA2000
system.
 Many users share the same frequency
 There is no absolute limit on the number of users .
 System performance is inversely proportional to the
no. of users
 Channel data rates are very high in CDMA systems
 A RAKE receiver is used to improve reception by
collecting time delayed versions of required signal.
 Self jamming is a problem
 The near-far problems at receiver
áthe data is multiplied using the XOR function.
áEach bit in the spreading sequence is called a chip
 Spreading gain = W / R
 w - the bandwidth of the CDMA spread spectrum signal
 R - the input data bit length
 System performance is proportional to the spreading gain of
CDMA
 spreading factor - chip rate/ data rate
m using this CDMA technique, it is possible to transmit
several sets of data independently on the same carrier
and then reconstitute them at the receiver without
mutual interference.
m In this way a base station can communicate with
several mobiles on a single channel.
 Interim Standard 95 (IS-95) is the first CDMA-based digital
cellular standard
 also known as TIA-EIA-95
 It is described as a 3 layer stack.
 The speech coder is Qualcomm 9600 Code Excited Linear
!redictive (QCEL!)coder.
 That vocoder is detects voice activity,
 Reduces data rate to 1200 bps during silent periods
 known as IMT Multi-Carrier (IMT-MC)
 The set of standards includes:
 CDMA2000 1X,
 CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. 0,
 CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. A,
 CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev.
 CDMA2000 1X EV-DV
 1x-meaning a