TOÅNG HÔÏP HÖÕU

CÔ
&
HOÙA DAÀU

GV: ÑAØO THÒ KIM THOA

Boä moân CNCB Daàu khí, Khoa CNHH, ÑH Baùch Khoa Tp.
 BAØI 1
NGUYEÂN LIEÄU CHO HOÙA
DAÀU
Nguyeân lieäu Cheá bieán Saûn phaåm

Cheá bieán khí Naêng löôïng

Khí thieân nhieân
Loïc daàu
Hoùa chaát
Hoùa daàu

Daàu thoâ
 Cheá bieán khí – Loïc daàu – Hoùa daàu

Nguyeân lieäu nguoànNguyeân lieäu ban ñaàuNguyeân lieäu thöù caáp

Saûn phaåm hoùa daà

Khí thieân nhieân

CHEÁ
BIEÁN KHÍ TOÅN
ÑIEÀ G HÔÏP
Saûn phaåm khí U HÖÕU
Condensate
CHE CÔ
Á
Khí ñoàng haønh
LOÏC DAÀU
Daàu thoâ
Saûn phaåm daàu moû HOÙA DAÀU
 1 thuøng
daàu

19 gallons
naphtha

Xaêng ethylene propylene C4 olefins aromatics nhieân

cho 650 lieäu
daëm

PE Ethylene PP Acrylonitrile elastomer Caprolactam

glycol

4 voû lon 21 aùo len

6 thuøng 21 1 voû xe hôi 500 caëp
160 yard bia hoaëc hoaëc 5
raùc aùo hoaëc 13 vôù da
oáng 30 cuoän meàn
hoaëc 276 thun voû xe ñaïp
nöôùc sôïi beän
m2 film
cho nhaø 3 ruoät xe
kính hôi hoaëc 17
ruoät xe
ñaïp
Catalytic Reforming produces high octane gasoline for today’s automobiles.
Gasoline and naphtha feedstocks are heated to 500 degrees Celsius and flow
through a series of fixed-bed catalytic reactors. Because the reactions which
produce higher octane compounds (aliphatic in this case) are endothermic
(absorb heat) additional heaters are installed between reactors to keep the
reactants at the proper temperature. The catalyst is a platinum (Pt) metal on an
alumina (Al2O3) base. While catalysts are never consumed in chemical
reactions, they can be fouled, making them less effective over time. The series of
reactors used in Catalytic Reforming are therefore designed to be disconnected,
and swiveled out of place, so the catalyst can be regenerated.
Alkylation is another process for producing high octane gasoline. The
reaction requires an acid catalyst (sulfuric acid, H2SO4 or hydrofluoric acid,
HF) at low temperatures (1-40 degrees Celsius) and low pressures (1-10
atmospheres). The acid composition is usually kept at about 50% making
the mixture very corrosive.
Catalytic Cracking takes long molecules and breaks them into much smaller
molecules. The cracking reaction is very endothermic, and requires a large
amount of heat. Another problem is that reaction quickly fouls the Silica (SiO2)
and alumina (Al2O3) catalyst by forming coke on its surface. However, by using
a fluidized bed to slowly carry the catalyst upwards, and then sending it to a
regenerator where the coke can be burned off, the catalyst is continuously
regenerated. This system has the additional benefit of using the large amounts
of heat liberated in the exothermic regeneration reaction to heat the cracking
reactor. The FCC system is a brilliant reaction scheme, which turns two
negatives (heating and fouling) into a positive, thereby making the process
extremely economical.
Hydroprocessing includes both hydrocracking and hydrotreating techniques.
Hydrotreating involves the addition of hydrogen atoms to molecules without
actually breaking the molecule into smaller pieces. Hydrotreating involves
temperatures of about 325 degrees Celsius and pressures of about 50
atmospheres. Many catalysts will work, including; nickel, palladium, platinum,
cobalt, and iron. Hydrocracking breaks longer molecules into smaller ones.
Hydrocracking involves temperatures over 350 degrees Celsius and pressures up
to 200 atmospheres. In both cases, very long residence times (about an hour) are
required because of the slow nature of the reactions.
Oil consumption per capita (darker colors represent more consumption).
Oil producing countries
Oil exports by country
Oil imports by country
Environmental effects
 U.S. Market for Catalysts by Applications, 2005 and 2010 ($ Millions)

RC-200N Petrochemical (Petroleum and Chemical) Catalysts - Updated Edition

 II. Sô löôïc veà caùc hôïp chaát
hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon

hydrocarbon maïch hôû hydrocarbon maïch voøng

HC HC HC voøng HC voøng HC voøng

no khoâng no thôm lai hôïp
no

HC HC
maïch maïch
thaúng nhaùn
h
II. Nguyeân lieäu cô
baûn:
Nguyeân lieäu cô
baûn

Khí thieân nhieân Daàu

thoâ

Khí moû Khí ñoàng

haønh

Khí muõ Khí hoøa tan

C1 C 2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7… C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 …

H2S CO2 H2O N2 He Ar H2O KL TCCH (S) (N) (O)

1. Khí thieân nhieân
  Khí moû: taäp trung chuû yeáu laø methane > 90%tt, ethane
vaøi %, propan-buthan raát ít.
  Khí ñoàng haønh : methane 60 - 80%, ethane 10 – 20 %,
propane 5 – 12%, buthane vaøi %.
  Phaàn loûng ngöng tuï cuûa khí thieân nhieân (C5+) goïi laø
condensate.

 Muïc ñích cuûa cheá bieán khí

 Xöû lyù: loaïi buïi, taùch nöôùc, laøm ngoït ( khöû H2S, CO2)
 Phaân taùch (baèng caùc phöông phaùp nhö ngöng tuï, haáp thuï,
chöng caát ,…) ñeå thu caùc phaân ñoaïn methane, ethane, LPG,
condensate, …
 XÖÛ LYÙ KHÍ THIEÂN
TAÙCH LOAÏI NHIEÂN
H2S: aên moøn, HAÁP THUÏ VAÄT
KHÍ ACID: H2S, ngoä ñoäc LYÙ HAÁP PHUÏ
CO2 VAÄT LYÙ HAÁP
CO2: giaûm THUÏ HOÙA HOÏC
nhieät trò, hoùa
TAÙCH LOAÏI aênraén
moøn, HAÁP THUÏ VAÄT
NÖÔÙC hydrate hoùa LYÙ HAÁP PHUÏ
giaûm hieäu VAÄT LYÙ HAÁP
suaát ñöôøng THUÏ HOÙA HOÏC
oáng Khí khoâ
THU HOÀI giaûm ñoä tinh (LNG) C2
HYDROCARBON khieát saûn
phaåm Phaàn C3 C4
LNG: liquefied natural gas loûng (LPG)
(NGL)
NGL: natural gas liquid C5+
LPG: liquefied petroleum gas (NG)

NG : natural gasoline
Schematic flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant
Natural gas production by country (countries in brown and then red
have the largest production)
A natural gas processing plant
A bus using natural gas
 daàu thoâ

hydrocarbon non-hydrocarbon kim nöôù taïp

loaïi c chaát cô
hoïc
paraffin hôïp chaát S

naphthene hôïp chaát

N
aromatic hôïp chaát
O
 A mixture of crude oil, water
and sand about two minutes
after it has come out of the
Captain field in the Moray
Firth. The caramelly effect is
caused by the water and oil
joining in an emulsion.

Pouring crude oil

III. Nguyeân lieäu ban ñaàu

 Paraffin nheï : methane, ethane, propane (töø cheá bieán khí

 Olefin (töø caùc quaù trình cracking nhieät, xuùc taùc)
 Reformate (töø quaù trình reforming xuùc taùc)
 Naphtha, gasoil, daàu naëng (töø loïc daàu)
 Paraffin – saùp (töø quaù trình khöû paraffin - saùp)
III. Nguyeân lieäu thöù
caáp: caùc caùc
Nguyeân quaù Nguyeân quaù Nguyeân
trình Saûn
lieäu trình lieäu lieäu
cheá phaåm
nguoàn cheá cô baûn thöù caáp
bieán bieá
n

1. Daàu  Paraffin nheï 1. Methane

thoâ
 Olefin 2. Ethylene
2. Khí thieân  Reformate 3. Propylene
nhieân
 Naphtha, 4. Butylenes
gasoil, daàu 5. Benzene
naëng
6. Toluene
 Paraffin – saùp
7. Xylenes