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 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
_ Embedded systems are combination of computer
H/W and S/W, and perhaps additional mechanical
or other parts, which are designed using
microprocessor or microcontroller but for a specific
task to perform a dedicated function.
_ In some cases, ES may be part of a larger system
_ One of the critical needs of embedded system is to
decrease power consumptions and space which
can be done by integrating more functions on the
CPU chip
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
_ ES generally use microcontroller that
contains many functions of computer on
a single device
_ Motorola and Intel make some of the
most popular microcontrollers
_ Contrast this with a Pentium based PC
which cannot be regarded as an
embedded system as it is used to
perform multiple tasks
EMBEDDED SYSTEM
DEVICES
   
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Microwave Ovens
@obots
Digital Cameras Industrial Process control
Airplane control System
DVD Player
Missile Guidance System
Washing Machine
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 Engine Controller
Switches
Anti-brake lock controller
Cellular Phones
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_ ü-bit data bus
_ 16-bit address bus
_ 34 general purpose registers each of ü bits
_ 16 bit timers (usually 2, but may have more, or
less).
_ 3 internal and 2 external interrupts.
_ Bit as well as byte addressable @AM area of
16 bytes.
_ Four ü-bit ports, (short models have two ü-bit
ports).
_ 16-bit program counter and data pointer
_ Internal @AM of 12ü bytes
_ Internal @OM of 4Kb
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It has four parts on which it can be explained :
_@egister banks- @ ,@1,@2 and @4
are basically used to manipulate data from one memory to another memory
place.
_BIT MEMO@

gives the user the ability to access a number of u
 u.
There are 12ü bit variables available to the user, numbered h through 7Fh
_GENE@AL PU@POSE @EGISTE@S
use to store memory addresses and data
_SPECIAL FUNCTION @EGISTE@(SF@)
Special Function @egisters (SF@s) are areas of memory that control specific
functionality of the ü 1 processor . Four SF@s permit access to the ü 1s 32
input/output lines .

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The ü 1 comes equipped with two timers, both of
which may be controlled, set, read,
and configured individually. The ü 1 timers have
three general functions:
1) Keeping time and/or calculating the amount of time
between events,
2) Counting the events themselves,
3) Generating baud rates for the serial port.
 Timer SFRs
_ The ü 1 has two timers which each function essentially
the same way. One timer is TIME@ and the other is
TIME@1.

_ The two timers share two SF@s

(TMOD and TCON) which control the timers.

_ Each timer also has two SF@s, dedicated solely to itself

(TH /TL and TH1/TL1).
 

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_ An interrupt is some event which interrupts normal
program execution

_ Interrupts give us a mechanism to ³put on hold´ the

normal program flow, execute a subroutine, and then
resume normal program flow as if we had never left it

_ Subroutine called an interrupt handler, is only

executed when a certain even occurs.
 ü
 Microcontroller Interrupts
_ There are five interrupt sources for the ü 1, which
means that they can recognize  different event that can
interrupt regular program execution.
_ Event may be one of the timers´overflowing´,receiving a
character via the serial port,trasmitting a character via
the serial port or one of the two ³external events´
_ Each interrupt can be enabled or disabled by setting bits
in the IE register. Also, as seen from the picture below
the whole interrupt system can be disabled by clearing
bit EA from the same register.
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One of the ü 1¶s many powerful features is it¶s integrated °
,
otherwise known as a serial port. The fact that the ü 1 has an
integrated serial port means that you may very easily read and write
values to the serial port. If it were not for the integrated serial port
,writing a byte to a serial line would be a rather tedious process
requiring turning on and off one of the I/O lines in rapid succession
to properly "clock out" each individual bit ,including start bits, stop
bits, and parity bits. However, we do not have to do this. Instead, we
simply need to configure the serial port¶s operation mode and baud
rate. Once configured, all we have to do is write to an SF@ to write a
value to the serial port or read the same SF@ to read a value from
the serial port.
The ü 1 will automatically let us know when it has finished sending
the character we wrote and will also let us know whenever it has
received a byte so that we can process it. We do not have to worry
about transmission at the bit level--which saves us quite a bit of
coding and processing time.

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