WELCOME

Prepared by

Ravikiran, Wine Yard Technologies

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
 RESISTORS
 DIODES (PN Junction, Zener, LED)
 CAPACITORS
 INDUCTORS
 TRANSISTORS
 BATTERY
 TRANSFORMER
 VOLTAGE REGULATORS
 LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR)
 RELAYS
 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

 RESISTOR:
A resistor is a device which opposes the flow of
current.

The first band gives the first digit

The second band gives the second digit
The third band indicates the number of
zeroes.

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

 Colour Number
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

Types of Resistors

 Fixed Resistors
 Carbon Composition Resistors
 Carbon film Resistors
 Metal film Resistors
 Wire wound Resistors
 Power Style
 Precession Style

 Variable Resistors
DIODE:

A Diode is a two terminal electronic component that

conducts electric current only in one direction.
Based on applications diodes are divided into two
types
-> PN junction
-> ZENER diode

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

PN junction diode:
The most common function of a diode is to allow
an electric current in one direction (called the forward
direction) while blocking current in the opposite
direction (the reverse direction).

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

 ZENER DIODE:

A Zener diode is a type of diode that permits current in

the forward direction like a normal diode, but also in the
reverse direction if the voltage is larger than the
breakdown voltage known as "Zener knee voltage" or
"Zener voltage".

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light

source. LED’s are used as indicator lamps in many devices,
and are increasingly used for lighting.
k

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

Materials Used in LED’s
 The materials used in LED’s are the mixtures of Galium (Ga),
Arsinide (As), Phosphorous (P).
 The materials include->>>>GaAs, GaP, GaAsP

GaAs-----------------Emits IR light which is invisible

GaP------------------ Emits Red and Yellow Colors
GaAsP--------------- Emits Red and Green Colors
CAPACITORS:

 Capacitors are passive elements which can

able to store the energy in the form of
electricity
 Capacitors types...

 Electrolyte Capacitors (>1µF)

 Ceramic / Disc Capacitors (<1µF Low power App)
 Polyster Capacitors (<1µF High power App)
CAPACITOR:

capacitor block DC (constant) signals

capacitors easily pass AC (changing) signals

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

INDUCTOR:
 An inductor or a reactor can store energy in a
magnetic field created by the electric current
passing through it. It is denoted in Henry.
Inductor easily pass DC (constant)
signals
Inductors blocks AC (changing) signals

 Typically an inductor is a conducting wire shaped as

a coil, the loops helping to create a strong magnetic
field inside the coil due to Faraday's Law of
Induction.

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

 TRANSISTORS:
A transistor is a semi conductor device commonly
used to amplify or switch electronic signals. A voltage
or current applied to one pair of the transistor's
terminals changes the current flowing through another
pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output)
power can be much more than the controlling (input)
power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal.

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies
Transformer:

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

 A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to

automatically maintain a constant voltage level.

 It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or

active electronic components. Depending on the design, it
may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

The voltage regulators are classified into two types.
positive series(7805)
negative series(7905)

7805 7905 7805

SERIES Output
voltage
GND I/P O/P
I/P GND O/P

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

Light Dependent Resistor (LDR):

An LDR is an input transducer

(sensor) which converts brightness
(light) to resistance. It is made from
cadmium sulphide (CdS) and the
resistance decreases as the
brightness of light falling on the LDR
increases.

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

RELAY:

A Relay is an electrically controllable switch widely used in

industrial controls, automobiles, etc…

inductor

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

 OPERATION OF RELAY:
 The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC
and NO:
 COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving
part of the switch.
 NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the
relay coil is off.
 NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the
relay coil is on.
 Connect to COM and NO if you want the switched circuit to
be on when the relay coil is on.
 Connect to COM and NC if you want the switched circuit to
be on when the relay coil is off.

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

Diagrammatic explanation:

N/C AC
230V
IRON
ARM
INDUCTOR

COM
ON

N/O BULB

OFF
Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies
REGULATED POWER SUPPLY:

WINE
Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies YARD
REGULATED POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT:

7812 12V
R

C1

C2
C
R2

7805
5V
C=1000uF
Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies
C1,C2=104pF R1,R2=3
 RECTIFIER:
 The primary application of rectifiers is to derive usable DC
power from an AC supply. Virtually all electronics except
simple motor circuits such as fans require a DC supply but
mains power is AC so rectifiers find uses inside the power
supplies of virtually all electronic equipment.

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

 FILTERS:
 Electronic filters are electronic circuits which perform
signal processing functions, specifically to remove
unwanted frequency components from the signal, to
enhance wanted ones, or both.
AC+DC DC
AC
RECTIFIER
FILTER PURE DC
OUTPUT

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

 How the Transistor act as a switch ?

what is a transistor?

A transistor is a semi conductor device commonly

used to amplify or switch electronic signals.

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

 What is a switch?

In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that

can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the
current or diverting it from one conductor to another.

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

 Transistor as a switch:

 Transistor can be used as an electronic switch, in

grounded-emitter configuration.
 Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches,
for both high power applications including switched
mode power supply and low power applications such
as logic gates.

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

 In a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the
light-switch circuit shown, as the base voltage rises the
base and collector current rise exponentially, and the
collector voltage drops because of the collector load
resistor.
 If the emitter-base and base-collector are in forward
bias then it act as a switch.
 At that instant the collector to emitter is shorted, it act
as a closed switch.

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

 Vcc
Transistor as a switch
N/C
example
330
COM
LED
100K
PRESET LOAD

T-OFF N/O
R VB<0.7V
LIGHT
VB>0.7V relay
NO
LDR T-ON
LIGHT
Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies
Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies
 Liquid crystal display (LCD):
 A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat panel
used for electronically displaying information such as
text, images, and moving pictures.
 Its uses include monitors for computers, televisions,
instrument panels, and other devices ranging from
aircraft cockpit displays, to every-day consumer
devices such as gaming devices, clocks, watches,
calculators, and telephones.

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

 Among its major features are its lightweight
construction, its portability, and its ability to be
produced in much larger screen sizes than are
practical for the construction of cathode ray tube
(CRT) display technology.

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

 Why we are using LCD ?

 Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be

used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is
an electronically-modulated optical device made up of
any number of pixels filled with liquid crystals and
arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or
reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD )is finding wide spread use
replacing LEDs (seven segment LEDs or other multi
segment LEDs) because of the following reasons:

 The declining prices of LCD’s.

 The ability to display numbers, characters ,graphics

and limited to numbers and a few characters

 Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

 Pin Description of LCD:

1. Ground
2. Vcc +5V
3. Contrast control
4. Register select (RS)
5. Read/Write (RD/WR)
6. Enable (EN)
7 – 14 pins all are data pins D0 – D7
15. Vcc +5V }
16. Ground } For backlight purpose

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

RS (register select):
The register select pin is used for the selection of the
required register either data or command register
If RS=0 ; command register is selected
If RS=1 ; data register is selected
R/W (read or write):
This pin is for the selection of read or write mode
If R/W=0 ; write mode is selected
If R/W=1 ; read mode is selected
EN (enable):
 Enable pin is a active high to low pin used for writing
the data to the LCD.

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

 LCD COMMAND CODES:
 01 Clear display screen

 06 Increment cursor

 38 2lines and 5 by 7 matrix

 80 Force cursor to beginning of 1st line

 0E Display on, cursor blinking

 C0 Force cursor to beginning 0f 2nd line

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

LCD INTERFACING WITH MICRO
CONTROLLER:
LCD
P0.0 D0
P0.1 Vss
D1
P0.2 D2
P0.3 D3 10k
P0.4 Vee
D4 POT
P0.5 D5
8 P0.6 D6
RS R/W E Vss
0 P0.7 D7

5 GND
1
P2.0
P2.1
P2.2

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

How To Send Commands To LCD:

COMMAND:
CLR RS
CLR R/W
SETB EN
CLR EN

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

How to send Data to LCD:
DATA:
SETB RS
CLR R/W
SETB EN
CLR EN

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

A Simple Program Of LCD:
ORG OOH
MOV A,#38H
ACALL COMMAND
MOV A,#0EH
ACALL COMMAND
MOV A,# ’H’
ACALL DATA
MOV A,# ‘I’
ACALL DATA

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

COMMAND : CLR RS
CLR R/W
SETB EN
CLR EN
RET
DATA:
SETB RS
CLR R/W
SETB EN
CLR EN
RET
END

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies
 Relay Interfacing With
Microcontroller
Relay: It can be defined as an electrical switch that opens and closes
under the control of another electrical circuit. The switch is
operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or more of
contacts. A relay is able to control an output circuit of higher power
than the input circuit.
Relays are devices which allow low power circuits to switch a
relatively high Current/Voltage ON/OFF.
For a relay to operate a suitable pull-in & holding current should be
passed through its coil.
Generally relay coils are designed to operate from a particular
voltage often its 5V or 12V.

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

Types:
There are many types of relays which are as
follows:
SPDT
DPDT
Symbol Of Relay:

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

Advantages of relays:
 Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can
only switch DC.
 Relays can switch high voltages, transistors
cannot.
 Relays are a better choice for switching large
currents (> 5A).
 Relays can switch many contacts at once.

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

Disadvantages Of Relay:

 Relays are bulkier than transistors for

switching small currents.
 Relays cannot switch rapidly , transistors can
switch many times per second.
 Relays use more power due to the current
flowing through their coil.

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

SPDT Relay (Single Pole Double Throw) :
An electromagnetic switch, consist of a coil , 1
common terminal , 1 normally closed terminal , and
one normally open terminal.

When the coil of the relay is at rest (not energized),

the common terminal and the normally closed
terminal have continuity. When the coil is energized,
the common terminal and the normally open terminal
have continuity.

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

DPDT (Double Pole Double Throw):
 Can be used to isolate float switches from spiking

voltage or excessive current.

 Avoids risk that spiking pump voltage will hurt float

switches.
Specifications:
 Coil voltage: 12VDC

 Coil resistance: 160 Ohms

 Contact rating: 10A at 250VAC or 30VDC.

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

Why do I want to use a relay and do I really
need to?
 The coil of an SPDT relay that we most commonly use
draws very little current (less than 200 milliamps) and
the amount of current that you can pass through a
relay's common, normally closed, and normally open
contacts will handle up to 30 or 40 amps. This allows
you to switch devices such as headlights, parking
lights, horns, etc.,

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

SPDT & DPDT:

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies

Relay Interfacing with the Microcontroller:

AT 89S52 1 U 16

2 L 15
P1.0 LOAD
3 N 14 RELAY
4 2 13
5 8 12
6 0 11
7 3 10
8 9
Vcc
Ground

Thursday, April 14, 2011 WineYard technologies