Group 8

NguyÔn Quúnh
Hoa
Lª ThÞ Thu Trang
Ph¹m Thu Thñy
 Tense  shows the time of the action or state expressed
by the verb: the past/present/future
There are 12 different tenses in English, considered
traditionally.
Simple Present Present Perfect
Simple Past ⇒ Past Perfect
Simple Future Future Perfect

⇓ ⇓
Present Progressive Present Perfect Progressive
Past Progressive ⇒ Past Perfect Progressive
Future Progressive Future Perfect Progressive

2.1. Tense
 2.2. Aspect

shows whether the action happen

once or repeatedly,
is completed or still continuing.
 2.2. Aspect

Simple Aspect Progressive Aspect

Perfect-Progressive
Perfect Aspect
Aspect
 2.2. Aspect

Simple Aspect Progressive

Aspect does Aspect
not relate
to the flow of time
and merely states
Perfect Aspect whether
Perfect- or not
Progressive
Aspect occurs.
the action

Eg: She lives in Hanoi.

 2.2. Aspect

Aspect views the action

Simple Aspect Progressive Aspect
as having been completed
before another point in
time. The action is finished
Perfect-
but may Progressive
influence
Perfect Aspect
Aspect
what follows it.

Eg: Trang has already

seen Titanic.
 2.2. Aspect

Aspect views the action

Simple Aspect Progressive Aspect
in the process of happening,
being in the middle of
things and not having
completed Perfect-Progressive
Perfect Aspectit.
Aspect

Eg: We are studying

grammar at the moment.
 2.2. Aspect

Aspect views the action as

what has been
Simple going on
Aspect Progressive Aspect
until a certain point in time
and having been completed
up to that point. They may
Perfect-Progressive
Perfectwhat
influence Aspect
follows. Aspect
Eg: The baby had
already eaten breakfast
by the time the
high chair collapsed.
 Aspects of the present tense
Not Not
Perfect Progressive Example
perfect progressive

Present simple X X I like him.

He is reading
Present
X X book at the
progressive
moment.

I have learned
Present perfect X X English for
years.

It has been
Present perfect
X X raining all today
progressive
morning.
 Aspects of the past tense

Not
Perfect Not perfect Progressive Example
progressive

Past simple X X I ate.

Past
X X I was eating.
progressive

I had eaten
Past perfect X X before he
came.

I had been
Past perfect
X X eating all
progressive
the evening.
 Comparison
Aspects
o Relating the time of the action
such as duration, frequency,
completion
o Referring to temporally how
o Indicating the texture of the time
in which the situation occurs
Tenses
o Relating the time of the situation
to the time of speaking
o Referring to temporally when
o Indicating the location in time
 Ex 1: Identify tenses and aspects in following sentences
1. I has been learning English for 10 years.
Present perfect progressive
2. I need you.
Present simple
3. They had left by the time she arrived.
Past perfect
4. It had been raining all yesterday.
Past perfect progressive
5. She was reading a newspaper at that time.
Past progressive
 3. Mood

…regards the relationship

of the verb with reality and intent
 3. Mood

Indicative Mood Conditional Mood

Imperative Mood Subjunctive Mood

 3. Mood

Indicative Mood Conditional Mood

…regards the action
as actually occurring
in reality, as a
Imperative Mood matter ofMood
Subjunctive fact.

Eg: He was there on time.

 3. Mood

Indicative Mood Conditional Mood

…states requests,
orders, and strong
suggestions.
Imperative Mood Subjunctive Mood
Eg: Be quiet!
 3. Mood

Indicative Mood Conditional Mood

…brings up only
the possibility
that something Present Conditional
Eg: If I won the lottery, I would
Imperative
might occurMood Subjunctive Mood
go on a trip around the world.

Past Conditional
Eg: If you had told me about the
party, I would have come with you
 3. Mood

…expresses something
Indicative
contrary Mood
to fact, and Conditional Mood
it used in sentences
after an imperative.
Imperative Mood
Eg: Joe would agree
Subjunctive Mood
with me if he were here.
 Subjunctive Mood

Mandative Subjunctive
Fomulaic SubjunctiveSubjunctive were
 Subjunctive Mood

Mandative Subjunctive
Fomulaic SubjunctiveSubjunctive were

The professor recommended that

she buy the book.

The professor recommended that

she should buy the book.

The professor recommended her

to buy the book.
 Subjunctive Mood

Mandative Subjunctive
Fomulaic SubjunctiveSubjunctive were

God bless you!

If need be, I’ll rent a car.

Far be it from me to complain,

but it’s not here.
 Subjunctive Mood

Mandative Subjunctive
Fomulaic SubjunctiveSubjunctive were

If only I were (was) a man for one short hour!

I wish it were (was) summer.

 3. Mood

Indicative Mood Conditional Mood

Imperative Mood Subjunctive Mood

Ex1: Which type of mood do these
sentences belong to?
1. It is unlikely that Nam come today.
 Mandative subjunctive
2. Look at the board!
 Imperative subjunctive
3. He adores Lego.
 Indicative subjunctive
4. There is all likelihood that we have
a small test next week.
 Formulaic subjunctive
5. I wish he were there.
 Subjunctive were
 

Example:

Ms. Thuy ate the apple.

The apple was eaten by Ms. Thuy.
 

Example:

Ms. Thuy ate the apple.

The apple was eaten by Ms. Thuy.
 

Active Voice Passive Voice

The Object receive theThe Subject receive the

action of the Verb action of the Verb
 Application
Verbs and verb phrases in
business and love letters
Business Letters
Dear Mr. Hardy,
Many thanks for your fax detailing the problems that two of your customers
experienced with their Swooper boards. Meancrittur snowboards are built
for enthusiasts by enthusiasts, so we take all customers complaints,
however rare, seriously.
Although the cracks you describe do not affect the performance, we
appreciate that much of the pleasure of possessing a Swooper comes
from its looks. This problem, which affected a small number or early
boards, was due to an unsuitable coating. We can assure you that this
problem has now been solved by using a more flexible substance.
Nevertheless, we fully accept your clients’ dissatisfaction. Accordingly, I
have already sent each one a top of the range Swooper Super Pro as a
replacement. We hope that they find this an acceptable expression of our
wish to put things right and that it meets with your approval.
Your feedback is extremely valuable to us. As a token of our appreciation,
I would like to invite you and a guest to our winter event and a VIP dinner
with three- times champion Paolo Wagner. I very much hope that you can
join us and look forward to meeting you personally.
Yours sincerely,
Susan Coe
Marketing Director
Dear Ms. Jones:
I am seeking a position in your engineering department where I may use
my training in computer sciences to solve Taylor's engineering problems.
I would like to be a part of the department that developed the Internet
Selection System but am unsure whether you have a current opening.
I expect to receive a Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering from North
Carolina State University in June and by that time will have completed the
Computer Systems Engineering Program. Since September 2000, I have
been participating, through the University, in the Professional Training
Program at Computer Systems International in Raleigh. In the program I
was assigned to several staff sections as an apprentice. Most recently,
I have been a programmer trainee in the Engineering Department and have
gained a great deal of experience in computer applications. Details of the
academic courses I have taken are included in the enclosed resume.
If there is a position open at Taylor Inc., please let me know whom I should
contact for further information. I look forward to hearing from you soon. I
may be reached at my office (919-866-4000 ext. 232) or via
email (Brock@aol.com).
Sincerely,
Rebecca Brock
Dear Ms. Rowling:

As per our telephonic conversation, I am delighted to accept the position

of Sales Manager in your esteemed company. I am sure my tenure in
G Soft IT Solutions will be a learning experience. I am ready to contribute
to the success of the organization.

As discussed earlier, my salary will be $40,000 with life insurance benefits.

I will be on probation for four months. I agree to all the terms and
conditions of the company.

I will join the company on May 20, 2009 after completing my commitments
at the current job. If you want me to complete other formalities, just let me
know. I will complete the procedure according to your policies.

Thanks a lot! I look forward to be a part of a young team in a developing

organization.
 
Yours sincerely
Michelle Douglas ( 16v, 16 active verbs, 0 passive verbs)
Dear Human Resources Director:

I just read an article in the News and Observer about Taylor's new
computer center just north of Durham. I would like to apply for a
position as an entry-level programmer at the center.

I understand that Taylor produces both in-house and customer

documentation. My technical writing skills, as described in the enclosed
resume, are well suited to your company. I am a recent graduate of
DeVry Institute of Technology in Atlanta with an Associate's Degree in
Computer Science. In addition to having taken a broad range of courses,
I served as a computer consultant at the college's computer center where
I helped train users to work with new systems.

I will be happy to meet with you at your convenience and discuss how my
education and experience match your needs. You can reach me at my
home address, at (919) 233-1552, or at krock@devry.alumni.edu.

Sincerely,
Raymond Kroc
Love Letters
Love,

I have always heard that beaten sentence that states: one good turn deserves
another. It’s really good to like someone indeed, the laughter, the sex, the love
we share everyday... And you are so full of attitude! You lavish love with such
great enthusiasm and rapture that I’m beginning to think I’m in debt with you.
I feel like I’m not affording everything that I can offer to you. I apologize for not
having been loving and responsive as you have, your love is always like a
breakfast in bed, and I never get tired of it. But I am who I am, and you know very
well that I’ve never been prone to public displays of affection.
But I’m considering changing. I want to be your king because you are undoubtedly
a queen, but also a slave when it comes down to your desires.
I want to be your boyfriend, your passionate lover and companion for years to
come. I’ll start acting as I was supposed to be acting by now, paying double for
every act of love I owe you.
I want you to notice the change, I want you to feel how much I love you. I’ll never
answer coldly again or throw cold water on your hopes. I will be an enthused man
for loving you back, I wish I can embrace you and kiss you warmly again, knowing
that I make you feel as happy as you can be.
Our relationship will be sincere and passionate, a thousand times hotter than it is
nowadays. I’ve still got my best to offer you: do not be surprised at the new
boyfriend you are gonna get, for this new boyfriend just wants to love you as you
deserve to be loved.

Kisses.
My darling,
It feels great to start the day by looking at your sweet face and listening to
your soft voice. I know that by the time I usually hear your "good morning",
most of the people are out in the streets, facing the traffic or being
surrounded by a multitude of problems.
Yet, your morning greeting gives me the strength to face any Goliath. You
wishing me a good day gives me the motivation to decipher any enigma and
to face any giants because it fills me with love and courage. And that’s why
it feels so great to find you by my side every morning.
You are, the reason of my worries and at the same time the source of my
courage. Without you around I would be more indifferent to adversities. But
you give me the motivation to look ahead with confidence and determination
in the pursuit of the options that will give us more tranquility to enjoy the
affection we share.
Even when my days don’t run as smoothly as I would like, I don’t get mad,
because I know I will be coming home to your caresses and to be greeted
by your warm smile. Even when I face some problems during the day, I
always keep in mind your morning wish, your “good morning“ and I try to
overcome every obstacles just so that I can see you again soon and enjoy
true peace in the peaceful island of your arms.
I love your “Good morning!”, just as I love every night and every hour we
spend together.
Love.
Dear Julie,
On one hand it’s really terrible having you with me just ´sometimes`; but on
the other hand, when we meet and touch my desire explodes in pleasure
with so much force that I couldn’t describe in words such sensation.
This whole thing about ´prohibited` is really strange and exciting, for me
anyway... Sometimes I feel a bit indecent and “wrong” but I don’t know
what happens to my body when I think about you. Often, when it’s takes
a while for us to meet, I spend hours just thinking about the delicious
moments we’ve lived.
The fact that we meet, kiss and touch each other, totally hiding and secretly,
all the pleasure possible, makes everything more dangerous, more delicious,
and definitely more romantic. And there’s more this feeling of secret and
cheating makes me even more excited!
I love all of this. I like being secretly desired by you, and desire you secretly.
I like hearing and saying all those indecencies we exchange by e-mail,
or on the telephone, and whenever possible I like giving myself to you in the
most complete and indecent possible way... I don’t know how this is going
to end up. I don’t know how we will administer this desire. But from me, I
hope this story never ends, and I also wish we have ability to maintain this
strange relationship, this awkward attraction; real far away from other
people’s eyes; or anyway I hope no one ever finds out about us so we can
always have some fun!
I’m missing you,... so show up soon!
Kisses.
 Active and Passive Verbs
in Love Letters and Business Letters
180
160
140 73
120
100
80 Passive Verbs
60 4
98 Active Verbs
40
20 46
0
Verbs in love Verb in business
letters letters
Why active verbs are used more than passive
verbs in business letters?
Active verbs show the writer’s intention and
sincerity, so they are the best used in letters.
Especially, business letters offer the formal
language with expectation, strictness and
activeness.
Language in love letters is more comfortable
and free and it offers the show of feelings, so
passive verbs are used more than in business
letters.
 Verb Mood
in Love Letters and Business Letters
100 98
90
80
70
60
50
40
30 25 in love letters
20 16
14 7 7 in business letters
10 1 3
0
Inf Im Ind Su
i nit pe i ca b ju
ive rat tiv nct
ive e ive
 Verb Mood
in Love Letters and Business Letters
Subjunctive mood shows politeness, so it is used in
business letters more than love letters.
Imperative mood shows commands so it is suitable
for language in business letters
Infinitive mood shows the non- finite form of verb, so
it is more informal.
Indicative mood shows the finite or conjugated form
of the verb, indicates a statements of fact, so it is used
for both of two types of letters