ILS system description

ILS theory
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ILS theory
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 ILS definitions

• ILS Operational requirements

Non-Precision CAT I CAT II CAT IIIA CAT IIIB CAT IIIC
approch
MDA 300m 60m 30m 0 0 0
(min. høyde
(minimum overaltitude)
decision terskel) (1000’) (200’) (100’)
RVR 5km 800m 400m 200m 50m 0
(siktvisual
(rwy langsrange)
rullebane) (16000’) (2600’) (1200’) (700’) (150’)
ILS theory

• ILS facility requirements

Slide 4

– CAT I: Coverage down to 60m above threshold

– Cat II: Coverage down to 15m above threshold (= thr passing)
– Cat III: Coverage all the way down to rwy and along it
 ICAO Annex 10

• Annex 10 to the convention of

International Civil Aviation
• The “Bible” for ILS
• Defines all the signal
• Defines tolerances for all the signals
ILS theory
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• Defines Cat I, II, III

 ILS definitions - LLZ

• Course Line - CL
where DDM is zero in the horizontal plane
• Course Sector - CS;
the sector in the vertical plane limited of DDM
= 0,155
• LLZ Displacement Sensitivity (DS);
ILS theory
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change in DDM pr. meter at ILS reference

datum (thr) should be 0,00145
– hence; CS is 106,9m at threshold
 ILS definitions GP

• Glidepath;
where DDM is zero in the vertical plane
• Glidepath angle;
angle between where DDM is zero and the horizontal
plane
• Glidepath sector;
the sector in the horizontal plane limited of DDM =
ILS theory
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0,175
• GP Displacement Sensitivity (DS);
change in DDM pr. degree shall be 0,0875
 Important parameters

• LLZ • GP
– Polarization – Coverage
– Coverage – GP angle/alignment
– Course alignment – GP Structure
– Course Structure – DS
– Displacement
Sensitivity - DS
ILS theory
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– Clearence
 LLZ main parameters

• Polarization
– when an aircraft is on course line and is in roll attitude of 20
degrees, the measured fault should be less than:
CAT I: 0.016 DDM, CAT II: 0,008 DDM, CAT III: 0,005 DDM

• Coverage
– 46,3 km within 10° from course line
– 31,5 km within 10° og 35° from course line
– 18,5 km outside 35° if coverage is required

• Course line
ILS theory
Slide 9

– mean course line shall be adjusted and maintained within;

CAT I: +/- 10,5m
CAT II: +/- 7,5m (recommended +/- 4,5m)
CAT III: + 3,0m
at ILS reference datum (threshold)
 LLZ main parameters

• Course structure
ILS theory
Slide 10
 LLZ main parameters

• LLZ DS
– The DS shall be adjusted and maintained
within
Cat I ± 17 percent
Cat II / III ± 10 percent
ILS theory
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 GP main parameters

• Coverage
– sector +/-8° on each side of the LLZ course
18,5 km (10nm) from 1.75 * GP angle (0=3°, 5.25°) and
down to 0.45 0 (0=3°, 1.35°)

• GP structure
– Bends must be less than;
±30 µA for CAT I
ILS theory
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±20 µA for CAT II/III.

 GP main parameters

• GP DS
– DDM of 75 µA at ±0.12 0 from 0 (0=3°; 3.36° - 2.64°)
– The DS shall be adjusted and maintained
within
Cat.I 0.07 0 - 0.14 0 (0=3°; 3.42°/3.21° - 2.79°/2.58°)
Cat. II/III: 0.10 0 - 0.14 0 (0=3°; 3.3°/3.21° - 2.79°/2.7°)

• GP angle
ILS theory
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– Maintained within
Cat I: 0.075 0 (0=3°; 3.225° - 2.775°)
Cat II/III: 0.04 0 (0=3°; 3.12°/2.88°)
 ILS signal format
Ch. 2.3
ILS theory
Slide 14
 The ILS signal format

• CSB - Carrier with double Side Band

 
v (t )  Ac 1  m90 sin  90t  m150 sin 150t sin  t

• SBO - SideBand Only

– Double SideBand - Supressed Carrier (DSB-SC)
 
ILS theory

v (t )  Ac m90 sin  90t  m150 sin 150t sin  t

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ILS theory
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90 Hz + 150 Hz
ILS theory
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= CSB
ILS theory
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90 Hz + 150 Hz
ILS theory
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= SBO
 DDM / SDM definition

• DDM = m150 – m90 ;modulation level <2m

• DDM = 2m ;modulation level >2m

• SDM = m150 + m90 ;modulation level >2m

ILS theory
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• SDM = 2m ;modulation level <2m

 DDM / SDM Definition

DDM

+ =
ILS theory
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CSB SBO
 DDM definition with phase fault
ILS theory
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 LLZ / GP linearity
ILS theory
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ILS theory
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ILS theory
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ILS theory
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ILS theory
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Airborn receiver
 Principle of airborne
receiver
ILS theory
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 LLZ / GP definitions
ILS theory
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 Principle of NM7000 transmitter
Ch. 2.4
ILS theory
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 Antenna theory
Ch. 3
ILS theory
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 Antenna arrays
Ch. 3.2
ILS theory
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 Two antenna element
ILS theory
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Phase difference: Total received signal:

 Two antenna element
ILS theory
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In phase 180° out of phase

 Two antenna element array
ILS theory
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ILS theory
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 Image theory
Ch. 3.4
ILS theory
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ILS theory
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Image theory
 ILS antenna theory
Ch. 4
ILS theory
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ILS theory
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CSB /SBO feed

 90Hz from two antenna feeds
ILS theory
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 150Hz from two antenna feeds
ILS theory
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 Result of two antenna feeds
ILS theory
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 Radiation patterns for CSB and SBO
ILS theory
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 LLZ antenna above ground
Ch. 4.2
ILS theory
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 LLZ antenna above ground
ILS theory
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 Beam Bend Potential
ILS theory
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 Beam Bend Potential
ILS theory
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 NM3525 – 24 el. LLZ
ILS theory
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 NM3525 signal distribution
ILS theory
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ILS theory
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ILS theory
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ILS theory
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 NM3545 – M-array GP
Ch. 6.3
ILS theory
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 M-array distribution
ILS theory
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ILS theory
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ILS theory
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ILS theory
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ILS theory
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ILS theory
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ILS theory
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 Antenna element offset
Ch. 6.4
ILS theory
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ILS theory
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ILS theory
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ILS theory
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ILS theory
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Monitoring
ILS theory
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ILS theory
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