w

 

Ê j


 
 

   

 



  

 





 j

 
 

Ê     

 
   

 


 
 





 
 


 
  
 
      



  

Ê  
 
 

  

 
 


 
 

  


 

 
 
  
 

 

 
 j

  
Ê Viability: Most biological materials are continuously
bathed with body fluids.
Ê Most biological materials can be considered as
c
 
Ê roblems of toxicity and stimulation of a chronic
inflammatory reaction, as well as lack of recognition
by cells, which are frequently provoked by many
synthetic polymers, is suppressed
Ê ability to be degraded by naturally occurring enzymes.
Ã
Ã

 



Ãw
Ê roteins are linear,unbranched polymers constructed
from 20 standard Ʉ amino acid.
Ê Are polyamides formed by step-reaction
polymerization between amino and carboxyl groups of
amino acids

where R is a side group. Depending on the side group, the molecular structure
changes drastically
   
 



ARBOXYL
 À À
GROU

Different side chains, R, determin the

properties of 20 amino acids.

AMINO
GROU
¦ w
Ãww

 

 

 




rimary structure (Amino acid sequence)

º
decondary structure ÑɄ-helix, Ʌ-sheet
º
Ãertiary structure ÑÃhree-dimensional structure formed by
assembly of secondary structures
º
uaternary structure Ñdtructure formed by more than one
polypeptide)

Ê ollagen is a structural protein found in bone,
cartilage, tendon, ligament, skin, and in the structural
fibers of various organs.
Ê collagen, has the general amino acid sequenceȂXȂGlyȂ
roȂHyproȂGlyȂXȂ (X can be any other amino acid)
arranged in a triple Ʉ-helix.
Ê Fundamental unit of collagen is tropocollagen
consisting of 3 coiled polypeptides called Ʉ chains
which wind around one another to form a right
handed triple helix.
Ê Different types of Ʉ chains combining various ways to
give 19 different types of collagen in which type I, II &
III represent 90% of collagen
 


Ê Ã
 
 
 


 

 
  









 




 Ã


 
 






À     






   
  



  






Ã

      


  
 
 
   !




wÃ
w

wÃw

Ê Ãhe collagen molecule is subject to modification by a large
variety of chemical reagents
Ê the increasing use of collagen in biomaterials applications has
provided renewed incentive for novel chemical modification,
primarily in two areas.
Ê First, implanted collagen is subject to degradative attack by
collagenases, and chemical cross-linking is a well-known means
of decelerating the degradation rate.
Ê decond, collagen extracted from an animal source elicits
production of antibodies (immunogenicity) and chemical
modification of antigenic sites may potentially be a useful way to
control the immunogenic response.
Ê It is used in variety of forms such as solution,gel
fibers,membranes,sponges and tubing for biomedical
application.
 × 
 "  #



  



 
  
! 
! 
j

   

 ! 
 




 

 

 
 
 
  
 

 
!  
  
  

j 
  "
 

 

 $




 

# "# 


 
  

 

 $ 


 


   



 

 $ 


  



 

 $ 


"
  #
 

  %
  

 

 
 
 


 

 
 

 


&'   (

 

  


Ãw
Ê Mlastin is another structural protein found in a relatively
large amount in elastic tissues such as ˜



c 

  

 

c  



˜ cwall, skin, etc.
Ê Ãhe high elastic compliance and extensibility of elastin is
due to the crosslinking of lysine residues via 


 


˜ 

˜

Ê Mlastin is very stable at high temperature in the presence of
various chemicals due to the very low content of polar side
groups (hydroxyl and ionizable groups).
Ê Insoluble elastin preparations can be degraded by the
enzyme elastase

  


Mlastin (-like) biomaterials have been suggested for a
wide variety of applications, including
Êskin substitutes,
Êvascular grafts,
Ê heart valves, and
Êelastic cartilage
w
w
Ê Fibrin has been used as a sealant and an adhesive in
surgery as it plays an important role in natural wound
healing
Ê Fibrin gels can be produced from the patientǯs own
blood and used as an autologous scaffold for tissue
engineering
Ê Fibrin gels may promote cell migration, proliferation
and matrix synthesis through the incorporation of
platelet derived growth factors and transforming
growth factor. It have also been used to engineer
tissues with skeletal muscle cells, smooth muscle cells
and chondrocytes
 ww
Ê •


 
  

   







•


•
 

 
Ã



  



 
-
 




 











 

   




 



 

 


 




  
!
" 

 #
  
Ê 
-  

 $ %
  &
  &
'  &
(
   
 
 
Ê

-


 $ %
  &
)&
'  &
(
* +
 
 
 

-' ×#

#


 #
##


# 
#



Ã
#×# 
###Ã

#À  
#
$

###
 


#
 

À

# #
#


# #

#
#
#

#×
 
#Ã #

#
$

## 


##×# 

##
$

##
×# ###


ÀÃ%× #  ×

Polynucleotides/Polypeptides
Applications
Ê olynucleotides are potent interferon inducers. A
mismatched double stranded synthetic
polyribonucleotide ampligen and the double stranded
acids, polyadenylicpolyuridylic acid and polyinosinic
polycytidylic acids, have been studied for cancer
therapy.

 
w
Ê 

  
   

 
Ê 

   


 

   

  



  
  
Ê    

Ê  
    !""#
$"""
Ȃ d    %"""#&'"""
Ê • 
 (

Ê 2 ÃYMd:
Ê HOMOOLYdA HARIDMd contain only single type
of monomeric unit. Mg: starch, glycogen, cellulose,
chitin.
Ê HMÃMROOLYdA HARIDMd: contain 2 or more
different kinds of monomeric unit. Ãhese are of two
types:
1. Glycosaminoglycans: negatively charged
heteropolysaccharides comosed of repeating
disaccharide units. Mg: hyaluronic acid, heparin,
heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate
2. eptidoglycan or murin
   
Ê Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) occur naturally as
polysaccharide branches of a protein chain, or protein
core, to which they are covalently attached via a
specific oligosaccharide linkage therefore also called
proteoglycans.
Ê Ãhese are called as mucoploysaacharide readily bind
both water and cations due to the large content of ionic
side chains. Ãhey also exist at physiological
concentrations not as viscous solids but as viscoelastic
gel and thus forms ground substance around
structural protein.

 
Ê the repeat unit consisting of a hexosamine
(glucosamine or galactosamine) and of another sug ar
(galactose, glucuronic acid, or iduronic acid).
Ê Ãhe molecular weight of many GAGs is in the range 5Ȃ
60 kDa with the exception of hyaluronic acid, the only
GAG which is not sulfated; it exhibits molecular
weights in the range 50Ȃ500 kDa
Ê dugar units along GAG chains are linked by Ô 
˜ c c
 .
Ê Ãhere are several naturally occurring enzymes which
degrade specific GAGs, such as hyaluronidase and
chondroitinase. Ãhese enzymes are primarily
responsiblefor the physiological turnover rate of GAGs,
which is in the range 2Ȃ14 days
 


Ê Hyaluronic acid:Ãhe very high molecular weight of hyaluronic acid is
the basis of most uses of this GAG as a biomaterial.
Ê Almost all make use of the exceptionally high viscosity and the facility
to form gels that characterize this polysaccharide.
Ê Hyaluronic acid gels have found considerable use in ophthalmology
because they facilitate cataract surgery as well as retinal reattachment
Ê Other reported uses of GAGs are in the treatment of degenerative joint
dysfunction in horses and inthe treatment of certain orthopedic
ysfunctions in humans.
Ê sulfated GAGs are anionically charged and can induce precipitation of
collagen at acidic pH levels, a process that yields collagenȂGAG
coprecipitates that can be subsequently freeze-dried and covalently
cross-linked to yield biomaterials that have been shown capable of
inducing regeneration of skin (dermis), peripheral nerves, and the
conjunctiva
Ê Heparin find application for improving blood compatability of other
materials, used as coating to prevent clots, and used for wound healing

•
 •
 
 
wÃw
Ê Ãhese are structral component of plant cell wall and
accounts for half of carbon in the boisphere.
Ê It also occur in marine invertbrates and microorganism
Ê It is linear polymer consisting of D glucose residue linked
by b(14) glycosidic bond.this highly cohesive hydrogen
bonded structure give its fibre exceptional strength and
make it water insoluable.
Ê It is degraded by specific cellulase enzymes. But vertebrates
donot posses any enzyme which can degarade it.
Ê Bǯcoz of its infusibility and insolubility, it is converted into
derivative to make it processable. Important derivatives of
cellulse are reaction product of 1 or more or three hydroxyyl
groups which are present in each glucopyronoside
repeating unit.
 

wÃw wÃ

wÃw
3 main derivatives of cellulose include
Ê Mther: eg: methylcellulose
Ê Msters : eg: cellulose acetate & cellulose xanthate
Ê Acetals: eg:cyclic acetals
ellulose derivatives which are insoluable in water have wide applications
Ê HARMA MUÃI AL: As disintegrants for tablets
Ê In controlled Drug Delievery: as M gel form
Ê In soft Lenses
Ê Membranes and hollow fibres made from cellulose and its derivatives,
used as Hemodialyzer to remove waste product from blood
Ê Methyl cellulose has been combined with hyaluronate to form hydrogel
membranes used for prevention of adhesion after intra-abdominal
surgery
wÃwwÃ
Ê HIÃIN & HIÃOdAN:
Ê hitosans are partially or fully deacetylated derivatives of chitin primary structural
polymer in arthropod exoskeletons
Ê Ãhe primary source of chitin and chitosans is shells from crab,
shrimp and lobster.
Most promising polysaccharide biomaterials for development of resorbable
and biologically active implants
a. Found to be the most effective Immunomodulator for the activation of
nonspecific host resistance against bacterial viral infections and tumour
growth in mice.
b. Nonwoven fabrics made of chitin and chitosan fibres used for wound
dressing
c. omposite films used for manufacturing adhesive bandages for oral surgery
methylpyrrolidone derivatized chitosan has been reported to promote
bone formation.
Ê hitosan has been modified with sugar residues such as fructose or
galactose for culture hepatocytes and with proteins such as collagen, gelatin and
albumin for neural tissue engineering
ALGINATE AND DEXTRAN
Ê Dextran is a nontoxic biodegradable polymer and is
widely used in many biomedical areas.
Ê dolution of Dextran has been used as surgical aids for
reducing tissue adhesion.
Ê It have been in used for drug conjugation, via reductive
amination, to obtain large molecular weight drug
derivatives for the purpose of altering drug
distribution after intravenous injection
Ê Alginic acids or alginates are isolated from several
species of brown algae (e.g., î c c   
Ê Alginate have applications as an injectable cell delivery
vehicle as well as wound dressing, dental impression
and immobilization matrix.



Ê ARK, J. B. (1990). j
 ˜ c
c




. New York, lenum ress.
Ê RAÃNMR, B. D. (2004). j
 ˜ c
c


 c

 ˜ 

c
. Amsterdam,
Mlsevier Academic ress.
Ê NARAYAN, R. (2009). j
c ˜
 ˜. New York,
dpringer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84872-3.
Ê BHAÃ, d. (2007). j
 ˜ India, Narosa
publishing house pvt ltd.
Ê DAAMMN, W. F. (2006). M˜ 
 
 ˜  
 


. d.l, s.n.]