Periodontal Diseases

Presented by:
Syeda Zeenat Raza
Maryam Naem
Amrit Mir
Humera Liaquat
 What is periodontal disease?

Periodontal diseases are those diseases that affect

one or more of the periodontal tissues: alveolar bone
periodontal ligament cementum gingiva
serious bacterial infections that destroy the gums and
the surrounding tissues of the mouth.

Case Type I: Gingivitis

Case Type II: Early Periodontitis
Case Type III: Moderate Periodontitis
Case Type IV: Advanced Periodontitis
 Facts about periodontal diseases

Untreated gingivitis can advance to

periodontitis and eventually lead to tooth loss
and other health problems.
Periodontal disease is the number-one cause
of tooth loss. According to the 1996 American
Dental Association/Colgate survey, U.S.
dentists say gum disease is a more pressing
oral health concern than tooth decay by a 2-
to-1 margin.
Conditions in periodontal disease
 Periodontitis
• Periodontitis is a set of inflammatory diseases
affecting the periodontium, i.e., the tissues
that surround and support the teeth.
Periodontitis involves progressive loss of the
alveolar bone around the teeth, and if left
untreated, can lead to the loosening and
subsequent loss of teeth.
 Sign and symptoms;
• bleeding gums during tooth brushing
• red, swollen or tender gums
• gums that have pulled away from the teeth
• persistent bad breath
• pus between the teeth and gums
• loose or separating teeth
• a change in the way your teeth fit together when
you bite
• a change in the fit of partial dentures
 Treatment
• Deep Cleaning (Scaling and Root Planing)
• Medications
• Surgical Treatments(flap surgery, Bone and
Tissue Grafts. 
 Gingivitis
• Gingivitis ("inflammation of the gum tissue") is a term
used to describe non-destructive periodontal disease.
[1]

• Signs and symptoms

• The symptoms of gingivitis are somewhat non-specific
and manifest in the gum tissue as the
classic signs of inflammation:
• Swollen gums
• Bright red or purple gums
• Gums that are tender or painful to the touch
• Bleeding gums or bleeding after brushing
 Treatment

removal of the etiologic (causative) agent,

plaque. and may take the form of regular
periodic visits to a dental professional
together with adequate oral hygiene home
care. such as scaling, root planing, curettage,
mouth washes containing chlorhexidine or
hydrogen peroxide, and flossing. Interdental
brushes also help remove any causative
agents.
 Gingival Hyperplasia
• Gingival enlargement, the currently accepted
terminology for an increase in the size of the
gingiva, is a common feature of gingival disease
• Types:
• Inflammatory enlargement
• Drug-induced enlargement(anticonvulsants ,
calcium channel blockers, ciclosporin, an
immunosuppresant.
• Enlargement associated with systemic factors
 Plaque-induced Gingivitis

The most common form of gingivitis is in

response to bacterial biofilms (also called
plaque) adherent to tooth surfaces,
termed plaque-induced gingivitis, and is
the most common form of
periodontal disease. In the absence of
treatment, gingivitis may progress to
periodontitis, which is a destructive form
of periodontal disease.
 Treatment
• Removal of the etiologic
• (causative) agent, plaque. aimed at the reduction of
oral bacteria, with adequate oral hygiene home
care. Thus, several of the methods used in the
prevention of gingivitis can also be used for the
treatment of manifest gingivitis, such as scaling, root
planning, curettage, mouth washes containing
chlorhexidine or hydrogen peroxide, and flossing.
Interdental brushes also help remove any causative
agents.
 Abscesses of the periodontium

• Abscesses of the periodontium are localized acute

bacterial infections classified primarily based on location.
• There are four types of abscesses associated with the
periodontal tissues:
• Gingival abscesses
• Periodontal abscesses
• Pericoronal abscesses
• Combined periodontal/endodontic abscesses

• Treatment for any of these lesions include incision and drainage

, and perhaps inclusion of an antibiotic regimen.
 Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

• an infection of the gum tissue. This presents as an acute

infection of the gingiva without involvement of the other
tissues of the periodontium. If the infection has progressed
deeper into the periodontal tissues, it is subclassified as
"necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis" (NUP).
• Treatment includes irrigation and debridement of necrotic
areas (areas of dead and/or dying gum tissue), oral hygiene
instruction and the uses of mouth rinses and
pain medication. As these diseases are often associated
with systemic medical issues, proper management of the
systemic disorders is appropriate.
 Desquamative gingivitis

• Desquamative gingivitis is a cutaneous condition characterized

by diffuse gingival erythema with varying degrees of mucosal
sloughing and erosion.
• Treatment
• Oral and topical steroids.
• Oral retinoids
• Immunosuppressant medications
• hydroxychloroquine
• tacrolimus
• dapsone
• Aloe Vera
Desquamative gingivitis