Training on GT

Controls
 Introduction to Control Philosophy
A Gas Turbine Consists of

1. Starting means
2. Auxiliaries
3. Compressor
4. Combustion System
5. Turbine
6. Exhaust
7. Load
 Introduction to Control Philosophy
Control system
Communicates with the turbine to
Measure, adjust the parameters

The Main Inputs are

Air & Fuel
and the Outputs are
Load & Exhaust Gases.

It also protects the turbine from abnormal operations

 Gas Turbine Controls

1. Basic Control Parameters of GT

2. Minimum Gate Concept of
Six Control Loop
• Start up
• Speed/Load Main
• Temperature
• Acceleration
• Manual Auxiliary
• Shut down
Simplified control schematic
 Min Value

Example of Minimum FSR of Six Control Loops on

HMI Screen
Detailed Control
Schematic

We will use this as reference

as we go in detail of the course
 Startup Control

Start up control controls the

amount of fuel to the GT from
zero speed to Full Speed No
Load

FSRSU is minimum of the six control loops

 Speed control schematic
• The Speed Control Loop
ensures the correct speed as
required by the system

• The Load Control Loop

maintains the power out put.
(The load control can be either
Isochronous or Droop, depending
on whether the system is connected
to Grid or Isolated)

 This serves both Speed & Load

functions and so called Speed/Load
Controller

FSRN is the minimum of Six Control Loops

 Speed Control Characteristics

Droop speed control is a

proportional control,
changing FSR in proportion to the
difference between
actual turbine speed and the
speed reference (TNH & TNR)

Isochronous Controller is a closed

loop controller that maintains the
Turbine Speed to the reference
speed by regulating FSR during
the isolated operation.

Droop Control Curve

 Exhaust Temperature control
Temperature Controller ensures
that the Turbine internals are
protected from over heat and
Optimum power is produced.

The firing temperature is difficult to

measure and hence the Controller
uses the exhaust thermocouples
as reference which is directly proportional to
Firing Temperature

Tf = Tx (Pcd/Pa)k
 Exhaust/Firing Temperature Relation

Curve comparing the load

at different ambient

The firing temperature remains constant even with increase in MW, FSR &
CPR ratio with less exhaust temperatures
Temperature control scheme

FSRT is the minimum of the Six Control Loops

 Exhaust Temp. control set points
TT
Kn TT
_ S Kn
_ M
 Exhaust temp control reference set

Exhaust Temperature
point TTRXB calculated based on TTKn_K
Isothermal
CPD TTKn_I
 The back up exhaust temp TTKn_C
reference is based on FSR in case
FS
of CPD measurement failure CP R
D BI
BI AS
AS

CPD
FSR

Protection of Turbine internals and optimum power

 Acceleration control

0.35 %/sec

0.10 %/sec
0% 40% 50% 75% 95% 100%
TNH
Acceleration Control functions during sudden Load Changes and Start Up
 Manual control

Manual Control Loop Can be used to limit fuel to prevent over firing and
over riding active control
 Shut Down control

Shut down control loop

reduces the fuel at a
predetermined during shut
down to reduce thermal
stresses

FSRSD is the minimum of Six Control Loops

 IGV Control

IGV Control Loop

• Controls air fuel ratio
• Prevents Compressor
Pulsations
 IGV Control

IGV scheduling is required

to ensure the protection from
Pulsation/Stall by
excessive opening
at lower speeds/loads and
negative pressures
at partial loads by less opening

IGV Schedule

Maintains higher Exhaust Temperature at partial loadsfor Combined Cycle Operation

 IGV Control
Isothermal

Ba
s e
te

Exhaust Temperature
m
CP p c
The exhaust temp. varies CC D o
IG BI ntro
for simple and combined cycle SC V
te
AS ls
et
co CPm
operations. nt
ro
p
D c
BI on
po
in
ls A t
IGV temperature control never eCt t
S rol
PpDo se
exceeds the base temperature control in
BIt
AS
tp
oi
nt
set point

CPD

IGV control reference

Maintains higher Exhaust Temperature at partial loads for Combined Cycle Operation
 Electro Hydraulic Servo valve
Servo valve is the interface between the electrical and
mechanical systems

Servo valve controls the direction and rate of motion

of a hydraulic actuator based on the input current to
the servo.

Servo valve contains three electrically isolated coils

on the torque motor.

A null-bias spring positions the servo so that actuator

goes to the fail safe position when ALL power and/or
control signal is lost.
 Liquid Fuel Control Scheme
As the speed sensors in the Amplifier
FD send a signal to
controller, it compares with
demand signal and an error
signal is created.
The amplifier in the controller
will change the signal to
drive the servo Valve of the
Bypass valve.
 Liquid Fuel Control
The VSVO card receives
the PR signals from
77FD – 1,2 &3 and
Outputs Analog Signal,
the fuel necessary to
meet the demand.

The VSVO Card modulates Servo Valve based on FQROUT & FQ1
 Gas Fuel Control Scheme

Fuel Gas Control System

consists of Stop ratio Valve,
Gas Control Valve Controls
 Gas Stop Ratio Valve Scheme
• SRV is a dual function
Valve, as a stop Valve and
to hold desired P2
Pressure
• Control loop consists of
both Pressure and Position
Control Loops
• P2 is Controlled by
pressure loop as a
function of TNH with a gain
& offset, the signal FPRG
• Position Loop takes feed
back from Valve Position
FSGR

The VSVO Card modulates Servo Valve based on FPRG, FPG & FSGR
 Gas Control Valve Scheme

The position of the gas

control valve is
proportional to FSR2
which represents
called for gas fuel flow

The VSVO Card modulates Servo Valve based on FSROUT & FSG
 Fuel Splitter Scheme

• Transfer from one fuel to the

other on command.

• Allow time for filling the lines

with the type of fuel to which
turbine operation is being
transferred.
 IGV Control scheme
VSVO

The Inlet Guide Vanes

(IGVs) modulate during

• Acceleration of the gas

turbine to rated speed

• Loading and unloading

• Deceleration of the gas

turbine

The VSVO Card modulates Servo Valve based on CSRGV & CSGV
 IGV Schedule

IGV modulation maintains

• Proper flows and pressures,

and thus stresses, in the
compressor
• Maintains a minimum
pressure drop across the fuel
nozzles
• High exhaust temperatures
at low loads during
combined cycle operation
 GT Protections
• GT is not allowed to
start until permissives
are set correctly
• GT Trips during
operation if operating
limits exceeded

Protection System ensures that GT is safe from dangerous operating conditions

 Duel Fuel Trip oil scheme

• The Trip Oil System is

the primary interference
between the master
protection circuits and the
fuel flow and VIGV
position control devices