m LTE stands for Long Term Evolution

m LTE is based on standards developed by 3rd

Generation Partnership Project(3GPP).
m LTE standards are described in Release 8
m LTE is next stage of mobile communication which
will enable things like IP based voice, high data
streaming, on portable devices.
m 3rd Generation Partnership Project, gloaboration between groups of
telecommunication association

m Its aim is to produce Technical Specifications and Technical Reports

for a 3G Mobile system based on evolved mobile systems.

m It includes maintenance of the Global System for Mobile

Communication (GSM) including GSM evolved radio access
technologies

m An evolved third Generation and beyond Mobile System based on

the evolved 3GPP core networks, and the radio access technologies
supported by the Partners (i.e., UTRA both FDD and TDD modes).

m An evolved IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) developed in an access

independent manner
 First Generation(1G)

m 1G was developed in seventies

m It was an analog system Advanced Mobile Phone System(AMPS)
was first launched by US and is a 1G mobile system.
m Based on FDMA, it allows users to make voice calls in one country.
Major invention of microprocessor.

Drawbacks:
m Poor Voice Quality, Large Phone Size, No Security,

m Poor handoff Reliability

Second Generation(2G)

m 2G phone uses Global System for Mobile communications (GSM)

were first used in the early 1990¶s in Europe.
m Uses digital modulation for improved audio quality.
m GSM provides voice & limited data services.
m It includes GSM,D-AMPS,CDMA,PDC

Drawbacks:
m GSM is a circuit switched ,connection oriented technology, where
the end system are dedicated for entire call session.
m This causes inefficiency in usage of bandwidth & resources. GSM
enabled systems do not supports high data rates.
Third Generation(3G)

m The 3G technology adds multimedia facilities to 2G phones by

allowing video, audio, and graphics applications.
m The idea behind 3G is to have a single network standard instead of
the different types adopted in the US, Europe, and Asia.

m 3G has HSDPA and HSUPA. 3G Together is call UMTS

Drawbacks:

m High Bandwidth requirement

m High spectrum licensing fees
m High Capital
'
- High Speed Downlink Packet Access (Release 5)
 Increses the peak data rate in downlink direction from 384 kbits to
up to 10Mbits/s- in theory up to 14.4 Mbits/s
' - High Speed Uplink Packet Access(Release 6)

m Peak user data rates upto 2 Mbit/s can be achieved

m 4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards.
m It is a successor to 3G and 2G families of standards
m Data Speeds upto 1Gbit/sec approx
m All 4G devices are based on IP Packet switched network
Dynamically share and utilize the network resources to support
more simultaneous users per cell
m Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks
m Ability to offer high quality of service for next generation multimedia
support
m LTE and WiMax are cut above technologies that fall under 4G
m Worldwide Interoperability of Microwave Access(WiMax) is
described in IEEE 802.16.
 The following are major points of WiMax (Wireless MAN IEEE
802.16) functionality:

m Range - 30-mile (50-km) radius from base station

m Speed - Up to 70 megabits per second
m Non-Line-of-sight (NLoS) between the user and a base station
(BSS)
m Frequency bands - 2 to 11 GHz and 10 to 66 GHz (licensed and
unlicensed bands)

m There is no need for line of sight (LOS) connections between

subscriber terminals and the base station in WiMAX technology and
it can support hundreds if not thousands of subscribers from a
single base station.
m LTE is a next-generation wireless technology that will put super-fast
broadband in the hands of first responders
m LTE is a new standard that can be used in radio access networks,
which sit between mobile devices, such as cell phones, and the core
network
m Greater interoperability and enhanced interagency cooperation
m It provides low latency, enabling real-time services (VoIP, video).
m It is much faster than 3G, employing advanced technologies and
deployable in bandwidths ranging from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz.
Flat Architecture

m Its called flat architecture because its all IP based.

m The RNC¶s are replaced by effective eNode B.
m There is no Circuit Switch Core Network in LTE
OFDM- Orthogonral Frequency Division Multiplexing
(Downlink)

m In OFDM the signal is first split into independent sub-carriers and

these closely-spaced orthogonal sub-carriers are used to carry the
data.
m The data is divided into several parallel data streams or channels,
one for each sub-carrier. Each sub-carrier is modulated with a
conventional modulation scheme
m The OFDM technology used in LTE comprises a maximum of 2048
different sub-carriers having a spacing of 15 kHz
Within the OFDM signal it is possiblr to choose between 3 types
of modulation
- QPSK (=4QAM) 2bits per symbol
-16QAM 4 bits per symbol
- 64QAM 6 bits per symbol
SC-FDMA- Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
Acess (Uplink)

m SC-FDMA is a hybrid transmission scheme combining the low peak

to average (PAR) of single carrier schemes with the frequency
allocation flexibility and multi-path protection.

m This combines the low peak to average ratio offered by single-

carrier systems with the multipath interference resilience and flexible
subcarrier frequency allocation that OFDM provides.
MIMO- Multiple Input Multiple Output
m Also called beam forming or smart antennas
m LTE will support MIMO
m It describes the possiblity to have multiple transmitter and receiver
antennas in a system
m Up to four antennas can be used by a single LTE cell
m MIMO is considered to be the core technology to increase spectral
efficiency
Evolved NodeB
m No RNC is provided anymore
m The evolved NodeB¶s take over all radio mangagement functionality
m This will make radio management faster

UL/DL scheduling
m In UMTS physical resources are shared or dedicated
m Evolved Node B handles all physical resources via schedular and
assigns them dynamically to users and channels
m This provides great flexiblity than older system
Qos awareness
m The scheduler must handle and distinguish different quality of service
class
m Otherwise real time service would not be possible via EUTRAN

Packet Switch Domain Only

m No circuit switched domain provided
m If CS application are required, they must be implemented via IP
m Only one Mobility Management for UE in LTE
 Difference between Networks

4
  

 4
  4


Major services Primarily voice Voice, data, and rich multi-media

Core Network 1. WAN 1. Broadband IP

2. Circuit/Packet switching 2. All packet switched

Network Architecture WAN (cell based) Integration of WAN/Wireless LAN

Speeds 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps 20 to 100 Mbps mobile

Frequency Band 1800-2400 MHz 2 to 8 GHz
Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100 MHz (or greater)
All digital switching with
Switching Technology Circuit and Packet
packetized voice
Access Technologies CDMA OFDM and MC-CDMA

Optimized antenna design, Smart Antennas, software

Antenna Technology
Multi-band adapters multiband and wideband radios

IP Capabilities IP 5.0 All IPv6

The 3GPP group has defined the following as features and standards for
LTE communication

m LTE targets requirements of next generation networks including

downlink peak rates of at least 100Mbit/s, uplink rates of 50 Mbit/s.
m RAN (Radio Access Network) round-trip times of less than 10ms.
m It is suitability for deployment in scalable bandwidths ranging from 1.25
MHz to 20 MHz
m LTE will also support seamless connection to existing networks, such
as GSM, CDMA and WCDMA.
m A main objective of Long Term Evolution (LTE) is to support IP
multimedia services, including VoIP and high-speed data applications
m It enable smooth handoff between heterogeneous network.
m LTE requires a completely new RAN.
m LTE has reduced Latency
m Video
m Computer-Aided Dispatching
m Automatic Vehicle Location
m GPS
m Digital Imaging
m Large Data Files
m Enhanced Day-to-Day Operations
m Handoff Process
m Wireless system selection
m Support for quality of service
- Packet level QoS
- Transcation level QoS
- Circuit level QoS
- User level Qos
There is next set of proposed system- LTE Advanced.

Proposed Features:

m Backward compatibility with LTE and 3gpp legacy systems.

m Peak data rate 1 Gbps DL and 500 Mbps UL.
m BW about 70 MHz in DL and 40 MHz in UL.
m 3 times higher average user throughput than LTE.
m 3 times more spectral efficient than LTE.
m Support of scalable BW and spectrum aggregation.
LTE is all about Evolution from its Predecessors
Communication so far mostly being about people speaking to people,
the future of communication will be about all kind of things speaking
to each other through Internet,i.e- Internet of things. Every toaster,
AC, car engine could be equipped with low cost LTE chip that will
connect to every growing network. LTE takes into a whole new
dimension in fact its being called the largest growth opportunity in
the history of business
Evolution shows: