09 Principles of Handover in WCDMA

Internal
WCDMA Handover
Principle
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

 Why mobile systems need handover?
 Mobile systems are composed by cells

which the coverage is limited.
 The mobility of the UE.
 Providing the continuous service - the
basic element in QoS.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 2

 TS25.331 Flow of Handover and
Related Parameters
 TS25.133 Measurement Process
 TS25.215 Definitions of Measurement

Indexes

 After studying this course, you will:
 Understand basic concepts about

handover
 Understand the flow of soft handover
 Master basic parameters about soft
handover
 Master soft handover decision algorithms

Chapter 1 Overview of Handover
Chapter 2 Handover Measurement
Chapter 3 Soft Handover
Chapter 4 Hard Handover

1.1 Purposes of Handover

1.2 Modes and Status of the UE
1.3 Methods and Types of
Handover
1.4 Comparison between Soft
Handover and Hard Handover

Purposes of Handover
 Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the basic

element in QoS
 Providing continuous communication service is the main purpose
of handover.
 The load balance: sharing the resource
 The hierarchy divided by speed and service: high efficiency of

using resource


1.3 Methods and Types of
Handover

UE Modes and Status
URA_PCH CELL_PCH
DEAD IDLE RRC connection
CELL_DCH CELL_FACH

UE Modes and Status (Status migration)
- Reducing activities, saving power and resource
RRC connection
URA_PCH CELL_PCH
URA Update
After several Cell

Cell Update No traffic
Updates
CELL_DCH CELL_FACH
Low speed PS
- Dedicated channel - Common channel,
low speed service
- Triggered by theCN
SMS
VP/Voice/PS IDLE
- Monitering the paging channel
- Cell reselecting
These statuses are only applied
in the UTRAN and UE. They - Searching a PLMN
- Find a cell to camps on
are transparent to the CN.
DEAD


1.3 Methods and Types of Handover

Handover Methods
 Changing cells in the status of CELL_DCH
 Handover
 Directly retry
 Changing residing cells in the statuses of IDLE, CELL_FACH,

CELL_PCH, and URA_PCH
 Cell reselection (forward handover)

Handover Types in CELL_DCH
Classify by
Classify by Classify by
Frequency Description
System Change Signaling Flow
Change
Low-rate services (e.g. AMR, V
Soft handover
P）
Intra-frequency
High-rate services (e.g. PS384K)
Intra- system No Iur interface between to RNCs
For the purpose of coverage or
load balancing (e.g. handover
Hard handover between carriers with different
Inter-frequency load, handover to the carrier that
supports the HSDPA service.
Inter-system
(Inter-RAT) WCDMA-to-GSM handover)


1.3 Methods and Types of Handover

Features Comparison between Soft Handover
and Hard Handover
Item Soft Handover (Softer Handover) Hard Handover
Number of radio links in

Several One
the activate set
Interruption during
No Yes
handover
Frequencies in the cells Intra-frequency
before and after Intra-frequency Inter-frequency or
handover Inter-RAT
Maximum-ratio combining or selective
Handover gain combining which can reduce the impact of None
fading and transmission power of the UE.
Occupies more resources.
Call drop ratio is
Disadvantage Problems occur when the power of soft relatively higher
handover cells is unbalanced.
In a word, some resources are wasted to obtain optimal system performance in soft handover.

Soft Handover – (Connection before Disconnection)
NodeB1 NodeB2
RNC

Softer Handover – (A Special Case of Soft Handover)
Node B RNC
Cell A Cell B

Hard Handover- (Disconnection before Connection)
NodeB1 RNC NodeB2

Questions
 What are the differences between soft

handover, softer handover, and hard
handover?
 Why intra-frequency handover is not
always soft handover?
 How does handover gain arise? How
much are various handover gains?

Summary
 This chapter describes the purposes of

handover, working modes of the UE and
common handover types in the WCDMA
system, compares soft handover and hard
handover and describes respective
advantages and disadvantages.
 In addition, this chapter describes a brief
flow of each type of handover.

Chapter 2 Handover
Measurement

2.1 Basic Concepts about

Handover
2.2 Three Steps of Handover
2.3 Measurement Control
2.4 Measurement Report

Basic Concepts about Handover
 Active set Radio link (RL)
 Monitor set Radio link set (RLS)
 Detection set Maximum-ratio combining
 Event report Selective combining
 Event to periodic report Soft handover gain
 Periodic report Pilot channel (CPICH)

2.1 Basic Concepts about Handover

Three Steps of Handover
The following figure shows handover
procedure (measurement quality set
to PCPICH Ec/Io)
UE
UEmeasures
measuresthe theCPICH
CPICHEc/Io
Ec/Io
ofofits serving cell(s) and
its serving cell(s) and Measure
neighbor
neighborcells.
cells.And
Andsends
sendsthe
the
measurement report
measurement report to RNC.to RNC.
Measurement Decision
N
Are
Arehandover
handovercriteria
criteriameet?
meet? Decision
Execution
Perform
Performaahandover
handover
and Execution
and updaterelative
update relative
parameters
parameters

2.1 Basic Concepts about Handover

Measurement Control
 Measurement control is used to notify the UE of the object to be
measured, neighbor cell list, report method, and event parameters.
 When measurement conditions are changed, the RNC notifies the
UE of new conditions.
UE UTRAN
Measurement Control
Measurement Control, normal case

Measurement Control
 Measurement Control
 The RNC sends a

measurement control message
according to the best cell in the
active set.
− Measurement identity
− Measurement command
− Measurement type
− Measurement object
− Criteria of measurement report
− Measurement report mode

Measurement Objects
 Measurement objects
 Intra-frequency measurement
− CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/Io, or Pathloss (normally Ec/Io)
 Inter-frequency measurement
− CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/Io
 Inter-RAT measurement
− GSM Carrier RSSI, BSIC Identification, and BSIC Reconfirmation

Measurement Model
parameters parameters
Layer 1 Layer 3
A filtering B filtering C Evaluation D
of reporting
C' criteria
 Measurement time of layer 1 is 200 ms. The vendor

can decide the filtering method.
 Filtering parameters of layer 3 can be configured.
 Measurement results are reported when the reporting
criteria are met.

Measurement Model - Layer 3 Filtering
Filtering of measurement results by the UE is calculated according to

the following formula:
Fn ＝ (1-α)Fn-1+αMn
 Fn: new measurement result after L3 filtering
 Fn-1: the last measurement result after filtering
 Mn: the latest measurement result from the physical layer of the UE
 α ＝ 0.5k/2, K is the parameter in filter coefficient in the measurement
control message (default=3 ). If it is set to 0 , layer 3 filtering is
unavailable.

2.1 Basic Concepts about

Handover
2.2 Three Steps in Handover

Measurement Report
 When the measurement reporting criteria are met, the UE

reports the results to the RNC as an event.
UE UTRAN
Measurement Report
Measurement Report

Measurement Report Methods
 Event report
 The measurement report is sent when the reporting criteria are met.
 Periodic report (event to periodic report)
 If the RNC does not respond after several events are reported, the
UE switches to periodic report.
 The interval between report and total report times are controlled
through parameters.

Intra-frequency Measurement Events
 Intra-frequency measurement events are identified through 1X:
 1A: A CPICH signal from monitor set enters the reporting range. Means a
monitor cell is good enough that the UE can add it into active set.
 1B ： A CPICH signal in active set leaves the reporting range. Means a cell in
the active set is not good enough according to the best cell.
 1C: Replace event. A CPICH signal from a monitor set is better than one in the
active set.
 1D: Event of changing the best serving cell.
 1F: Event that measurement results of the cells in the active set are lower than
an absolute threshold.

Inter-frequency Measurement Events
 Inter-frequency measurement events are identified by 2X:
 2B event: The quality of the serving cell is lower than an absolute
threshold value and the quality of another inter-frequency neighbor
cell is higher than another threshold value. - Handover based on
Coverage
 2C event: The quality of the inter-frequency neighbor cell is higher
than an absolute threshold value. - Handover based on Non-Coverage
(e.g. Load)
 2D event: The quality of the serving cell is lower than an absolute
threshold value. It is used to start the compress mode.
 2F event: The quality of the serving cell is higher than an absolute
threshold value. It is used to stop the compress mode.

Inter-RAT Measurement Events
 Inter-RAT Measurement events are identified through 3X:

 3A event: The quality of the currently used frequency is lower than an
absolute threshold value, but the quality in a GSM cell is higher than
another absolute threshold value. - Handover based on Coverage
 3C event: The quality in a GSM cell is higher than an absolute threshold
value. - Handover based on Non-Coverage (e.g. Load)
 2D event: The quality of the currently used frequency is lower than an
absolute threshold value. It is used to start the compress mode.
 2F event: The quality of the currently used frequency is higher than
another absolute threshold value. It is used to stop the compress mode.

Some Event Report Control Parameters
 Relative threshold (reporting range)
 Unidirectional difference between two measurement results, for example,
relative threshold value between 1A event and 1B event
 Absolute threshold (threshold)

 Measurement results reach an absolute value, for example, absolute
threshold values of 1E event and 1F event
 Hysteresis
 Bi-directional difference between two measurement results
 Time to trigger
 Time that lasts until the previous threshold value is met
 Weight factor (W)

 Control calculation of comparative benchmark values

Event Report Decision
 Deciding according to the judgment inequation
 Example: decision inequation of 1A event

 NA 
1. Path loss 10  LogM New  W 10  Log   M i   (1  W ) 10  LogM Best  ( R  H1a / 2),
 i 1 
2. Other measurement variables (e.g. RSCP, Ec/Io)

 NA 
10  LogM New  W 10  Log   M i   (1  W ) 10  LogM Best  ( R  H1a / 2),
 i 1 
M: measurement results
R: relative threshold values
H: hysteresis
W: weight factor. It is 0 generally.
If W = 0, for RSCP and Ec/Io,

10LogM(New)≥10LogM(Best) - (R1a-H1a/2)

- Example of 1A Event Measurement Report
Measurement results in the primary cell
1A event occurs

Event Report Decision (Continued)
Trigger criteria of 1B event:
 NA 
10  LogM new  W 10  Log   M i   (1  W ) 10  LogM Best  ( R1b  H1b / 2)

 i 1 
Trigger criteria of 1C event:
M New  M InAS  H1c / 2,
Trigger criteria of 1D event:
M NotBest  M Best  H1d / 2,
Trigger criteria of 1F event:

M New  T1 f  H1 f / 2,

- Example of 1B Event Measurement Report
1B event is reported
Delete the cell which primary scrambling code is 23

Event Report

Event Report
Replace cell 1 by the cell 2

Event Report

Questions
 In which cases does the RNC trigger

measurement control?
 Is the start time of intra-frequency,
inter-frequency, and Inter-RAT
measurement the same?
 When is an event reported?
 How to report an event?
 What events does intra-frequency

measurement contain?
 What events does inter-frequency
measurement contain?

Summary
 This chapter describes concepts related to

handover, explains measurement control, which
covers measurement objects, event report.


3.1 Flow of Soft Handover
3.2 Common Parameters and Intra

Frequency Neighbor Cell

Flow of Soft Handover - Adding Radio Link
(Reporting 1A event)
(Add new radio link)

Flow of Soft Handover - Adding Radio Link

Flow of Soft Handover - Deleting Radio Link
(Reporting 1B event)
(Del old radio link)

Chapter 3 Flow of Soft Handover
3.1 Flow of Soft Handover
3.2 Common Parameters and Intra

Frequency Neighbor Cell

Setting Common Parameters of Soft Handover
 Relative threshold
 1A and 1B event have their individual values.
 The value of 1B should be larger than that of 1A, to avoid ping-pong
handover. (1A < 1B)
− Default setting: 1A: 3 dB; 1B: 6 dB
 Hysteresis
 Configure it for each event separately.
 Usually the threshold values of 1A event and 1B event are 0 dB and those
of 1C, 1D, 1F are 4 dB.
 This value affects the soft handover area of the UE.
MML command for adding cell-class intra-frequency handover

parameters: ADD CELLINTRAFREQHO
MML Command for setting RNC-class intra-frequency handover
parameters: SET INTRAFREQHO

Common Parameters of Soft Handover (Continued)
 Time to trigger
 Configured it for each event separately.
 The value of 1B should be larger than that of 1A, to avoid ping-pong
handover. (1A < 1B)
− Default setting: 1A: 320 ms; 1B: 640 ms; 1C, 1D: 640 ms
 Lay 3 filtering coefficient

 It is shared by all types of intra-frequency measurement.
 This parameter is sensitive to the delay of event triggering and ping-
pong handover.
 It is usually set to 3.

Intra Frequency Neighbor Cell
 The Handover can only happened among the neighbor cells

 MML: Add IntraFreqNCell:
 Configure neighbor cells with the same frequency
 The maxim number of IntraFreqNCell for each cell is 31

Questions
 Draw the signaling flow chart of soft

handover.
 What is the impact of parameters in soft
handover on system performance?
 What parameters can affect
performance of soft handover besides
the parameters described in this
chapter?

Summary
 This chapter describes the signaling

flow and common parameters of soft
handover in WCDMA.

Other Handovers
 The WCDMA system supports many handover technologies.
Besides soft (softer) handover described previously, there are
intra-frequency hard handover, inter-frequency hard handover,
and Inter-RAT handover.
 If the system supports HSDPA, the WCDMA system also
supports handover between carrier frequency of HSDPA and
ordinary carrier frequency to balance load and to utilize network
resources efficiently.
 Refer to supplementary contents for description of intra-
frequency hard handover, inter-frequency hard handover, and
Inter-RAT handover. This part is provided for self-study.

Course Summary
 This course describers the principles,

Course algorithm, related parameters and
Summary general flow of soft handover in the
WCDMA system.

Thank you
www.huawei.com
4.1 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
4.2 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
4.3 Inter-RAT Hard Handover

Intra-frequency Hard Handover
- Measurement and Event
 Measurement
 It is similar to that in soft handover
 Related events
 1D event

- Handover Flow
TARGET NODEB SOARCE NODEB
3. ALCAP ESTABLISHMENT
9. ALCAP RELEASE

- Common Parameters
 BeBitrateThd: BE service handover rate decision threshold.
 If the maximum rate of transmission channel of the BE service is not more
than this threshold, the system performs soft handover for the users using
this service.
 If the maximum rate of transmission channel of the BE service is greater
than this threshold, the system performs intra-frequency hard handover for
the users using this service.
MML: SET HOCOMM
 Parameters related to the 1D event
 Time to trigger (640ms), hysteresis (4dB)
 The parameters should be appropriate so the system can not only track
changes of the signal to perform handover, but also avoid ping-pong
handover.


Inter-frequency Hard Handover Overview
 Features
 The frequency is different after handover.

 For the UE with only one transceiver, the compress mode should be
started to assist measurement.
 Advantages
 The handover success rate is higher than that of intra-frequency hard

handover.
 The load on carrier frequencies are balanced.

Inter-frequency Hard Handover Overview
(Continued)
 Disadvantages
 The compress mode causes extra radio resource
 Application scenarios
 Uncontinuous coverage of carrier
 Load caused handover
 Hierarchical cell

Inter-frequency Hard Handover
 Measurement in inter-frequency hard handover

 Measurement variables:
− CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/N0
 Different measurement types are used for different handover purposes:

− Edge of carrier coverage area: CPICH RSCP
− Center of carrier coverage area: CPICH Ec/Io

- Measurement and Event (Continued)
 Measurement Report Methods
 Event report
− 2D event: The quality of current frequency is lower than a certain absolute
threshold value. It is used to start the compress mode.
− 2F event: The quality of current frequency is higher than a certain absolute
threshold value. It is used to stop the compress mode.
− 2B event: The quality of current frequency is lower than the absolute
threshold value, and the quality of the neighbor frequency is higher than
another absolute threshold value. It is used in coverage handover trigger.
− 2C event: The quality of the neighbor frequency is higher than a certain
absolute threshold value. It is used in load handover trigger.
 Periodic report

- Starting and Stopping of the Compression Mode
 Starting conditions of measurement
 2D event: If the quality of the currently frequency is lower than a certain
absolute threshold value, the compress mode is started.
 Use the velocity estimation algorithm to decide starting of inter-frequency
handover measurement.
 Stopping conditions of measurement
 2F event
 After the best cell is changed, the new best cell does not have any inter-
frequency neighbor cell.
 The timer of inter-frequency measurement expires.
 The speed estimate status of the UE changes, and related inter-frequency
handover measurement is disabled according to the hierarchical cell algorithm
 In hard handover, if the coverage reason is triggered, handover is stopped
simultaneously.

Inter-frequency Hard Handover Flow
 Signaling flow
TARGET NODEB SOARCE NODEB
3. ALCAP ESTABLISHMENT
9. ALCAP RELEASE

- Common Parameters
 Inter-frequency coverage handover parameters:
 Methods for report inter-frequency measurement: periodic or event
 Inter-frequency measurement variables: CPICH Ec/Io or CPICH RSCP.
 Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filtering coefficient, time to trigger,
and hysteresis
 Starting and stopping threshold values of inter-frequency measurement:
Configure it respectively for CPICH Ec/Io, CPICH RSCP, and configure 2D,
2F event for CS and PS.
 Inter-frequency coverage handover threshold value: quality threshold value
of the target cell
 Quality threshold value of used frequency in inter-frequency hard handover
 Lowest access threshold value in inter-frequency handover

Inter-frequency Hard Handover - Questions
 Why the compress mode threshold for the CS and PS are
configured different?
 The Eb/No required by these two services are different, so the
RSCPs are also different.
 If the UE uses the CS service and PS service at the same time,
the 2D and 2F parameters of which service are used to decide
starting the compress mode?
 If the parameters of any service meet the threshold, the compress
mode will started.
 Is the compress mode started immediately after the UE sends
the 2D parameter?
 The compress mode is started after the RNC reconfigure the RB.


Inter-RAT Hard Handover
 Overview
 Measurement and Event
 Handover Decision Algorithm
 Handover Flow
 Common Parameters

Inter-RAT Hard Handover - Overview
 Category
 WCDMA FDD < － >GSM
 WCDMA FDD < － >WCDMA TDD
 WCDMA FDD < － >CDMA2000
 Features
 The radio access technology (RAT) adopted in the system after handover
is different.
 Need compress mode to assist measurement.
 Advantages
 Coverage: Solve the problem of transition between different systems.
 Capacity: Improve the utilization of old equipments to the greatest extent
(2G->3G)
 Disadvantages
 The flow is complicated, and the requirement for compatibility of equipment
is high.
 The UE is complicated.

 Measurement in Inter-RAT hard handover (GSM measurement)

 Measurement types:
− GSM Carrier RSSI
− BSIC Identification
− BSIC Reconfirmation
 Measurement processing: layer-1 filtering, layer-3 filtering

- Measurement and Event (Continued)
 Measurement Report
− Event report
▪ 2D event: starting GSM measurement
▪ 2F event: stopping GSM measurement

▪ 3A event: The quality of WCDMA is lower than an absolute
threshold but quality of a GSM neighbor cell is higher than
another absolute threshold. - Handover based on Coverage
▪ 3C event: The quality of a GSM neighbor cell is higher than an
absolute threshold. - Handover based on Non-Coverage (e.g. Load)

Inter-RAT Hard Handover - Decision Algorithm
 Decision of Inter-RAT handover
 Inter-RAT handover based on coverage

− Event
▪ 3A event: The quality of the currently used frequency is lower

than an absolute threshold value, but quality of a GSM cell is
higher than another absolute threshold value.
− Periodic
▪ Evaluation: Confirm the status according to the GSM RSSI

measurement value and the BSIC of the target cell in GSM and
evaluate the cell of which the GSM RSSI exceeds the absolute
threshold value. If both conditions are met, consider the cell of
which the BSIC is confirmed.

- Decision Algorithm (Continued)
 Inter-RAT handover based on non-coverage

− Event
▪ The 3C event means that the quality of the GSM cell is

higher than an absolute threshold value.

Inter-RAT Handover Flow

Inter-RAT Handover - Common Parameters
 Inter-RAT coverage handover parameters
 Starting and stopping thresholds of Inter-RAT measurement: They determine
the thresholds of the 2D event and 2F event. Configure CPICH Ec/Io, CPICH
RSCP for the CS service and PS service respectively.
 Measurement variables for the 2D event and 2F event in Inter-RAT
handover: Select CPICH Ec/Io or PICH RSCP.
 BSIC selection confirmation switch
 Inter-RAT coverage handover threshold: GSM RSSI threshold in Inter-RAT
coverage handover. Configure it for the CS service and PS service
respectively.
 Quality threshold of used frequency in Inter-RAT handover
 Configure time to trigger and hysteresis for each event respectively
 Penalty duration

Summary - Categories of Handover
 According to the signaling characters
− Soft handover (softer handover)
− Hard handover
 According to the properties of source cell and target cell:
− Intra-frequency handover
− Inter-frequency handover
− Inter-RAT handover (UMTS ↔ GSM/GPRS)
 According to the purpose of handover:
− Based on Coverage
− Based on Noncoverage

09 Principles of Handover in WCDMA

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

 Mobile systems are composed by cells

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 2

 TS25.215 Definitions of Measurement

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 3

 Understand basic concepts about

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 4

Chapter 2 Handover Measurement

Chapter 3 Soft Handover

Chapter 4 Hard Handover

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1.1 Purposes of Handover

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 Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the basic

 The load balance: sharing the resource

 The hierarchy divided by speed and service: high efficiency of

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1.1 Purposes of Handover

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DEAD IDLE RRC connection

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After several Cell

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1.1 Purposes of Handover

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 Changing cells in the status of CELL_DCH

 Changing residing cells in the statuses of IDLE, CELL_FACH,

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1.1 Purposes of Handover

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Number of radio links in

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NodeB1 RNC NodeB2

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 What are the differences between soft

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 This chapter describes the purposes of

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Chapter 3 Soft Handover

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2.1 Basic Concepts about

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 Active set Radio link (RL)

 Monitor set Radio link set (RLS)

 Detection set Maximum-ratio combining

 Event report Selective combining

 Event to periodic report Soft handover gain

 Periodic report Pilot channel (CPICH)

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2.1 Basic Concepts about Handover

2.2 Three Steps of Handover

2.3 Measurement Control

2.4 Measurement Report

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2.1 Basic Concepts about Handover

2.2 Three Steps of Handover

2.3 Measurement Control

2.4 Measurement Report

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