Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
a.k.a.
Interfacing to the Real World:
Review of Electrical Sensors and Actuators
Andrew Mason
Associtate Professor, ECE
sensor intelligent
real
feedback
world actuator system
sensor sensor
sensor bus sensor bus
processor PC processor
comm. comm.
comm. card
– photodiode
• light I
• Examples
– diameter of part under stress (direct)
– movement of a microphone diaphragm to quantify liquid
movement through the heart (indirect)
• Secondary Transducers
– Wheatstone Bridge
– Amplifiers
Electrodes
• Rotation Ring
structure
– gyroscope
• Thermistor Half-Bridge
– voltage divider
– one element varies
• Wheatstone Bridge
– R3 = resistive sensor
– R4 is matched to nominal value of R3 VCC
– If R1 = R2, Vout-nominal = 0
– Vout varies as R3 changes R1+R4
• Voltage Follower
– buffer
• Differential Amp
• Integrating Amp
• Differentiating Amp
• Voltage-to-Current
• Input stage
input stage
– high input impedance
• buffers gain stage
– no common mode gain
– can have differential gain
• Gain stage
– differential gain, low input impedance total differential gain
2 R2 R1 R4
Gd
• Overall amplifier R1 R3
– amplifies only the differential component
• high common mode rejection ratio
– high input impedance suitable for biopotential electrodes with high
output impedance
offset
– a,b,c = calibration coefficients
T3
• Compensation
– remove secondary sensitivities
– must have sensitivities characterized
– can remove with polynomial evaluation
• P = a + bV + cT + dVT + e V2, where P=pressure, T=temperature