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Cell Communication
PowerPoint® Lecture
Presentations for
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Overview: The Cellular Internet
1 Exchange a α
of mating
factors
a factor
Yeast cell, Yeast cell,
mating type a mating type
α
2 Mating a α
1 Individual rod-
shaped cells
2 Aggregation in
process
0.5 mm
3 Spore-forming
structure
(fruiting body)
Fruiting bodies
Local and Long-Distance Signaling
Neurotransmitter
Secreting Secretory diffuses across
cell vesicle synapse Hormone travels
in bloodstream
to target cells
Local regulator
diffuses through Target cell Target
extracellular fluid is stimulated cell
Local signaling
Neurotransmitter
Secreting Secretory diffuses across
cell vesicle synapse
Local regulator
diffuses through Target cell
extracellular fluid is stimulated
Long-distance signaling
Hormone travels
in bloodstream
to target cells
Target
cell
EXTRACELLULAR CYTOPLASM
FLUID
Plasma membrane
1 Reception
Receptor
Signaling
molecule
Fig. 11-6-2
EXTRACELLULAR CYTOPLASM
FLUID
Plasma membrane
1 Reception 2 Transduction
Receptor
Signaling
molecule
Fig. 11-6-3
EXTRACELLULAR CYTOPLASM
FLUID
Plasma membrane
Signaling
molecule
Concept 11.2: Reception: A signal molecule binds
to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape
• The binding between a signal molecule (ligand)
and receptor is highly specific
• A shape change in a receptor is often the initial
transduction of the signal
• Most signal receptors are plasma membrane
proteins
Segment that
interacts with
G proteins
G protein-coupled receptor
Fig. 11-7b
GDP
1 2
Activated
enzyme
GTP
GDP
Pi
Cellular response
3 4
• Receptor tyrosine kinases are membrane
receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosines
• A receptor tyrosine kinase can trigger multiple
signal transduction pathways at once
Receptor tyrosine
kinase proteins Dimer
CYTOPLASM
1 2
Activated relay
proteins
Cellular
Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P response 1
P
Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P P Tyr Tyr P
Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P P Tyr Tyr P Cellular
6 ATP 6 ADP response 2
3 4
• A ligand-gated ion channel receptor acts as a
gate when the receptor changes shape
• When a signal molecule binds as a ligand to the
receptor, the gate allows specific ions, such as
Na+ or Ca2+ , through a channel in the receptor
Plasma
Ligand-gated membrane
ion channel receptor
2 Gate open
Cellular
response
3 Gate closed
Intracellular Receptors
Plasma
membrane
Receptor
protein
DNA
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
Fig. 11-8-2
Hormone EXTRACELLULAR
(testosterone) FLUID
Plasma
membrane
Receptor
protein
Hormone
-
receptor
complex
DN
A
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
Fig. 11-8-3
Hormone EXTRACELLULAR
(testosterone) FLUID
Plasma
membrane
Receptor
protein
Hormone-
receptor
complex
DNA
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
Fig. 11-8-4
Hormone EXTRACELLULAR
(testosterone) FLUID
Plasma
membrane
Receptor
protein
Hormone-
receptor
complex
DNA
mRNA
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
Fig. 11-8-5
Hormone EXTRACELLULAR
(testosterone) FLUID
Plasma
membrane
Receptor
protein
Hormone-
receptor
complex
DNA
mRNA
CYTOPLASM
Concept 11.3: Transduction: Cascades of
molecular interactions relay signals from receptors
to target molecules in the cell
• Signal transduction usually involves multiple
steps
• Multistep pathways can amplify a signal: A few
molecules can produce a large cellular
response
• Multistep pathways provide more opportunities
for coordination and regulation of the cellular
response
Signaling molecule
Receptor
Activated relay
molecule
Inactive
protein kinase
1 Active
protein
kinase
Ph
1
os
p
ho
Inactive
ry
protein kinase ATP
la
ADP Active P
t
2
io
protein
n
ca
PP kinase
sc
Pi 2
ad
e
Inactive
protein kinase ATP
ADP Active P
3
protein
PP kinase
Pi 3
Inactive
protein ATP
ADP P
Active Cellular
protein response
PP
Pi
Small Molecules and Ions as Second Messengers
Pyrophosphate
P Pi
Adenylyl
G protein cyclase
G protein-coupled GTP
receptor
ATP
Second
cAMP messenger
Protein
kinase A
Cellular responses
Calcium Ions and Inositol Triphosphate (IP3)
Ca2+ pump
ATP
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
CYTOSOL
Ca2+
pump
Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
Ca2+
ATP pump
Key
High [Ca2+ ]
Low [Ca2+ ]
• A signal relayed by a signal transduction
pathway may trigger an increase in calcium in
the cytosol
• Pathways leading to the release of calcium
involve inositol triphosphate (IP3) and
diacylglycerol (DAG) as additional second
messengers
EXTRA-
CELLULAR Signaling molecule
FLUID (first messenger)
G protein
DAG
GTP
G protein-coupled PIP2
receptor Phospholipase C
IP3
(second messenger)
IP3-gated
calcium channel
Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) Ca2+
CYTOSOL
Fig. 11-13-2
EXTRA-
CELLULAR Signaling molecule
FLUID (first messenger)
G protein
DAG
GTP
G protein-coupled PIP2
receptor Phospholipase C
IP3
(second messenger)
IP3-gated
calcium channel
Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) Ca2+
Ca2+
(second
CYTOSOL messenger
)
Fig. 11-13-3
EXTRA-
CELLULAR Signaling molecule
FLUID (first messenger)
G protein
DAG
GTP
G protein-coupled PIP2
receptor Phospholipase C
IP3
(second messenger)
IP3-gated
calcium channel
Endoplasmic Various
reticulum (ER) Cellular
Ca 2+ proteins
responses
activated
Ca2+
(second
CYTOSOL messenger
)
Concept 11.4: Response: Cell signaling leads to
regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic
activities
• The cell’s response to an extracellular signal is
sometimes called the “output response”
Phosphorylation
cascade
Transduction
CYTOPLASM
Inactive Active
transcription transcription
factor factor
Response
P
DNA
Gene
NUCLEUS mRNA
• Other pathways regulate the activity of
enzymes
Transduction
Inactive G protein
Active G protein (102 molecules)
ATP
Cyclic AMP (104)
Response
Glycogen
Glucose-1-phosphate
(108 molecules)
• Signaling pathways can also affect the physical
characteristics of a cell, for example, cell shape
CONCLUSION
Fus3
Actin
GTP P subunit
GDP
2 Phosphory-
lation Formin Formin
cascade P
4
Microfilament
Fus3 Fus3
P
5
3
Fig. 11-16a
RESULTS
CONCLUSION
Fus3
Actin
GTP P subunit
GDP
2 Phosphory-
lation Formin Formin
cascade P
4
Microfilament
Fus3 Fus3
P
5
3
Fine-Tuning of the Response
Receptor
Relay
molecule
s
Activation
or inhibition
Response 4 Response 5
Signaling
molecule
Receptor
Relay
molecules
Activation
or inhibition
Response 4 Response 5
Signaling Plasma
molecule membrane
Receptor
Three
different
protein
kinases
Scaffolding
protein
Termination of the Signal
2 µm
Apoptosis in the Soil Worm Caenorhabditis elegans
Mitochondrion
Ced-4 Ced-3
Receptor
for death-
Inactive proteins
signaling
molecule
Ced-9 Cell
(inactive) forms
blebs
Death-
signaling
molecule
Active Active
Other
Ced-4 Ced-3
proteases
Nucleases
Activation
cascade
Ced-9
protein (active)
inhibits Ced-4
activity
Mitochondrion
Ced-4 Ced-3
Receptor
for death-
Inactive proteins
signaling
molecule
Ced-9 Cell
(inactive) forms
blebs
Death-
signaling
molecule
Active Active
Other
Ced-4 Ced-3
proteases
Nucleases
Activation
cascade
Interdigital tissue 1 mm
Fig. 11-UN1
Receptor
Activation
of cellular
response
Relay molecules
Signaling
molecule
Fig. 11-UN2
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