Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Vethaiya Balasubramanian
3
1930
1850 2.0 2
AD1 1650
0.5 1.0 1
0.2
Popula-
tion
growth
Climate
change:
High
Ecosystem,
intensity
Ag., NR
agriculture
productivity,
Health
GHG
Global NR depletion
warming &
Climate degradation
change
Environ.
pollution
India Rice
Percent area in different rice ecologies
Situation
P ro d uctivity (t/h a )
0.5
0.0
Irrigated Rainfed Rainfed Flood prone
lowland upland
Agriculture: Natural Resources
26 May 2011
Wide Hybridization
for Disease Resistance and
Abiotic Stress Tolerance
1955 51.8
50
1990
40
2025
30
20.7 19.6
20
14.9
10.6 9.9 10.6
10 7.7 8.7
4.6 5.3 4 4.2
2.41.8 2.51.5 1.8 2.32.1 2
0
China India Pakistan UK USA Bangladesh Nepal
5% 7%
5%
2000
83%
2025 11%
69%
5%
Wastewater-
based urban
●
Recovers valuable plant nutrients
●
Adds to urban food supply
agriculture: ●
Gainful occupation & income for urban poor
20 million ha (Asia, ●
Health risks for farmers & consumers?
Africa, L. America)
●
Lawns, Tree lots, Home/Terrace gardens
Grey water ●
Easy and safe to treat & use
recycling ●
Fresh vegetables & fruits from home
gardens
Animal Farming & Manure Mgt
Reduce CH4 production: Improving feeds, feed
additives, grass
Small farm crop-animal systems: Coupling
crops & animals crop residues for animals &
manure for land
Mesophilic & thermophilic digestion of
manure: Recover energy & nutrient-rich sludge,
recycled water for crops
Minimizing N
losses from
the system
External N
supplies
Nitrogen Flows in Food Chain, China 2005
(Ma et al 2010)
NUE (%)
Crops: 26
Animals: 11
Food Chain: 9
Add 13 kg N to
Food-Chain
1 kg Food-N to
Consumers
26 May 2011 Rice Productivity-TNAU-CBE-Bala
External N supply Options
Plant N Demand
Synchronize
Mineral
Fertilizer
a b
INM: Principles
Composts & manures from outside the system
1. Adding new
●
●
Fertilizers
nutrients to the ●
BNF with legumes
●
Microbial N2 fixation in wetland
system ●
Atmospheric depositions
2. Conserving
●
Soil erosion control
●
Return of crop residues
nutrients within the ●
Rotation with deep-rooted crops to reduce leaching
system losses
3. Recycling
nutrients within the ●
Higher productivity & NUE
system
MD Team - MD Rice PPT – New Delhi (Bala) 31 Oct 2008
5. Weather Elements:
4. GHG Emissions &
Climate Challenge
Climate Change &
Climate Adaptation
Agriculture
28%
Wastes Industrial
2% processes
8%
Indian
Agriculture Em ission from
soils
12%
Enteric
ferm entation
59%
Reducing Emission of GHGs from
Rice Fields
• Improve water and fertilizer use in rice: fertilizer
tates & timing, nitrification inhibitors, controlled
release fertilizers, nano fertilizer molecules
• Improve management of livestock population and
their diet
• Increase soil carbon sequestration: minimal/zero
tillage, residue management, live mulches
• Improve energy use efficiency in agriculture:
energy-efficient farm machines, conservation
agricultural (tillage) practices
AK Shukla, CRRI
Mitigation of GHGs - N2O
Use of nitrification inhibitors
Effect of Nimin and DCD on cumulative N 2 O emission
1.4
from flooded rice, Cuttack
1.2
1
N2O flux (kg/ha)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Control Urea-N Urea-N+Nimin Urea+N+DCD
AK Shukla, CRRI
Nitrous oxide mitigation with nitrification
inhibitor
4000
Rice Wheat
GWP (kg CO2 equi. ha-1)
3000
2000
1000
0
FP Mid Bed Bed ZT ZT
drain DSR TPR DSR TPR
Good seed
Inter-row
Modified
cultivation
mat
nursery
Robust,
young SSNM
seedlings
Appropriate Mechanization Options
(Timely field operations, higher labor productivity, higher
yield & quality produce)
Total Food Waste in Developed and Developing countries
Published by AAAS
Rice Productivity-TNAU-CBE-Bala
Reducing Crop/Food Losses
Difficulties
Population growth (9.5 billion by 2050): Can it feed all?
Availability and processing of inputs
High labor needs: Can automation in processing help?
Sustainable Production Systems