m






(1944) as starting point for a new
order of then world economy with the cornerstones:
 6nternational Monetary Fund (6MF)
 6nternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development (6BRD)
 6nternational Trade Organization (6TO)

ͻ 6
was designed to take care of short term problems in

connection with international liquidity
ͻ 6mis one of 5 institutions that comprise the World Bank Group
ͻ During negotiations on the 6in 1946, some countries saw a
need for immediate tariff reductions 
ë  took the initiative in preparing a document on a ͞general
agreement on tariffs and trade͟
ë ubsequent negotiations in Geneva between a group of 23
countries resulted in a set of mutual tariff reductions ( 



 
The GATT was signed by its 23 founding members on  

and entered into force on 1 January 1948




  



 
nited tates, Canada, Cuba, Brazil,
Chile, Australia, New Zealand, China,
6, Myanmar, ri Lanka, Pakistan,
yria, Lebanon, outh Africa, Zimbabwe,
nited Kingdom, France, Belgium, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Norway, Czechoslovakia

GATT was introduce as a stepping stone towards the

establishment of the 6TO and embodied many principles of the
proposed 6TO.
  

‰ The 

 


 

 
(GATT), which

was signed in 1947, is a multilateral agreement regulating
trade among about 150 countries. According to its preamble,
the purpose of the GATT is the "substantial reduction of tariffs
and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences,
on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis.͞
  

‰ The ruguay Round, which was completed on December 15,

1993 after seven years of negotiations, resulted in an
agreement among 117 countries (including the . .) to reduce
trade barriers and to create more comprehensive and
enforceable world trade rules. The agreement coming out of
this round, the Final Act Embodying the Results of the
ruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, was signed
in April 1994. The ruguay Round agreement was approved
and implemented by the . . Congress in December 1994,
and went into effect on January 1, 1995.
  

‰ This agreement also created the   
  (WTO),

which came into being on January 1, 1995. The WTO implements the
agreement, provides a forum for negotiating additional reductions of
trade barriers and for settling policy disputes, and enforces trade
rules. The WTO launched the ninth round of multilateral trade
negotiations under the "Doha Development Agenda" (DDA or Doha
Round) in 2001.
  
 

‰ Administring and implementing the multilateral and plurilateral trade

agreements
‰ Forum for multilateral trade negotiations
‰ Dispute settlement
‰ Overseeing national trade policy
‰ Cooperation with 6MF and World Bank
  m   


(1) Trade without discrimination

(2) Predictable and growing access to market
(3) ndistorted, fair competition
(4) Transparency
 






General Council meeting as General Council meeting as

#


m  
 
!
"m


m


 

#








 
  
  

‰Trade and Environment
‰Trade and Development  
 6#  
#
!

‰
 


  


‰Regional Trade Agreements
‰Balance of Payments Restrictions
‰Budget, Finance and Administration
 $ 

‰Accession
 $ 
‰Trade, debt and finance
‰Trade and technology transfer
‰(6 !

‰6mport Licensing
(Relationship between Trade
and 6nvestment,
(6nteraction between Trade
and Competition Policy
(Transparency in Government
Procurement)



‰Trade in Financial services
‰Market Access
‰ pecific Commitments
‰Agriculture
‰ anitary and Phytosanitary Measures
 $ 

‰Technical Barriers to Trade
‰Domestic Regulation
‰ ubsidies and Countervailing Measures
‰GAT Rules
‰Anti-Dumping Practices
‰Customs Valuation
‰Rules of Origin
‰Trade-Related 6nvestment Measures
‰ afeguards
 $  
‰ tate-Trading Enterprises
 m






‰ 
 

 
 ‰  
 
 




‰  


 
‰ 


  "
  !
 ‰ 
   
$



‰ 
$





  


 

‰


 
 
 
 ‰ !





!
 
‰ 6 !

 

 ‰ 
 

  

  %
 !


  

!



‰ 6n November 2001, 142 Trade Ministers from around the world met
at the 4th WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar, and launched
a Round of multilateral trade negotiations.
‰ The Doha Ministerial Declaration established the objective of duty-
free, quota-free market access for products originating from LDCs. 6n
Canada͛s case, a preferential tariff for LDCs has been in place since
1983. The scope of products covered by this scheme, which applies to
49 of the world͛s least-developed countries, was substantially
expanded in January 2003. The least-developed country tariff (LDCT)
provides duty-free and quota-free access for all products from LDCs,
with the exception of over-quota access for supply-managed products
in the dairy, poultry and eggs sectors.
 
  
 

‰ Technical assistance and training are core elements of the

development dimension of the Multilateral Trading ystem, as
confirmed by Ministers at Doha (December 2001). This was again
underlined and further strengthened at the Ministerial Conference in
Hong Kong, China (December 2005).
‰ Within the WTO ecretariat, TRTA is coordinated by the 6nstitute for
Training and Technical Cooperation (6TTC), based on the technical
assistance and training plans (the TA Plans). The Committee on Trade
and Development is the regular body overseeing all TRTA activities.
p
 &
#'  
 
!


!


1947 Geneva Tariffs 23 
 
 

   
  

   
1949 Annecy Tariffs 13 Countries
exchanged some
5,000 tariff
concessions
1950 Torquay Tariffs 38 Countries
exchanged some
8,700 tariff
concessions, cutting
the 1948 tariff levels
by 25%
p
 &
#'  
 
!


!


1956 Geneva Tariffs, 23
$2.5 billion in tariff
admission
of Japan reductions
1960 Dillon Tariffs 26 Tariff concessions
worth $4.9 billion of
world trade
1964 Kennedy Tariffs, 66 Tariff concessions
anti- worth $40 billion of
dumping world trade
year Name ub. Covered count Achievements
ries
1973 Tokyo Tariff, non-tariff 102 Tariff reductions worth
measures, more than $300 billion
"framework" dollars achieved
1986 ruguay Tariffs, non-tariff 123 the creation of WTO,
measures, rules, and extended the
services, range of trade
intellectual negotiations, leading to
property, dispute major reductions in
settlement, textiles, tariffs & agricultural
agriculture, subsidies, to allow full
creation of WTO, access for 
(
 from
etc developing countries,
and an extension of
intellectual property
rights.
    !
) 
 
‰ The  
.
‰ The agenda was made !

! 
!
for the
developing country.
‰ Major focus of negotiations shifted from tariff cutting to
reduction in  

 
.
‰ 6t covered every  
.
‰ 
!
  
were required to actively participate in
negotiation, meaning that they were to give concession in
order to

!
 
, something which
they had not done before.
‰ Rush of new members in the last round had showed that

 



was considered an   
 

!

.
‰ treamlined 




 and  

!
"
 
.
‰ Proposed creation of a new institution .
‰ More transparent rules for !
 and rules for
determining the injury to the industry.
‰ The coverage of !

  

widened.
‰ 6t appeared that 
!
  
 may have made more
concessions.
‰ My Thought:

͞ 6 have never learnt anything in my life from any

person who agreed with me.͟

Thank You!
Presented By:
& *